1. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is Climate? Objectives Explain the difference between weather and climate. Identify five factors that determine climates. Identify the three climate zones of the world. Chapter 4

2. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is Climate? Climate Vs. Weather Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a particular time. Climate is the average weather condition in an area over a long period of time. Chapter 4

3. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is Climate? Latitude Solar Energy and Latitude The amount of direct solar energy a particular area receives is determined by latitude. Latitude is the distance north or south, measured in degrees, from the equator. Chapter 4

4. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is Climate? Latitude, continued Seasons and Latitude Seasons happen because the Earth is tilted on its axis at a 23.5° angle. This tilt affects how much solar energy an area receives as Earth moves around the sun. Chapter 4

5. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is Climate? Chapter 4

6. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is Climate? Prevailing Winds Winds that blow mainly from one direction are prevailing winds. Prevailing winds affect the amount of precipitation that a regions receives. The circulation of warm and cold air cause prevailing winds. Chapter 4

7. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is Climate? Chapter 4

8. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is Climate? Chapter 4 Mountains Mountains can influence an area’s climate by affecting both temperature and precipitation. Elevation is the height of surface landforms above sea level. As the elevation increases, the ability of air to transfer energy from the ground to the atmosphere decreases.

9. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is Climate? Large Bodies of Water Large bodies of water can influence an area’s climate. Water absorbs and releases heat slower than land does. Because of this quality, water helps to moderate the temperatures of the land around it. Chapter 4 Ocean Currents As surface currents move, they carry warm or cool water to different locations. The surface temperature of the water affects the temperature of the air above it.

10. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is Climate? Surface Currents and Climates Chapter 4 Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

11. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is Climate? Chapter 4 Climates of the World The Earth’s three major climate zones are determined by latitude. Climates zones are made up of different biomes. Biomes are characterized by certain types of plant and animal communities.

12. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Is Climate? Chapter 4

13. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Interpreting Graphics The chart below shows types of organisms in an unknown biome. Use the chart below to answer the questions that follow. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

14. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. Biomass is a term that means “the total mass of all living things in a certain area.” The graph above shows the relative percentages of the total biomass for different plants and animals in a given area. What type of biome does the graph represent? A rain forest B chaparral C tundra D taiga Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

15. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. Biomass is a term that means “the total mass of all living things in a certain area.” The graph above shows the relative percentages of the total biomass for different plants and animals in a given area. What type of biome does the graph represent? A rain forest B chaparral C tundra D taiga Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

16. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. Approximately what percentage of biomass is made up of caribou? F 28% G 25% H 16% I 5% Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

17. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. Approximately what percentage of biomass is made up of caribou? F 28% G 25% H 16% I 5% Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

18. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. Approximately what percentage of biomass is made up of lichens and mosses? A 45% B 35% C 25% D 16% Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

19. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. Approximately what percentage of biomass is made up of lichens and mosses? A 45% B 35% C 25% D 16% Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

20. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Math Read each question, and choose the best answer. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

21. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. In a certain area of the savanna that is 12 km long and 5 km wide, there are 180 giraffes. How many giraffes are there per square kilometer in this area? A 12 B 6 C 4 D 3 Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

22. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. In a certain area of the savanna that is 12 km long and 5 km wide, there are 180 giraffes. How many giraffes are there per square kilometer in this area? A 12 B 6 C 4 D 3 Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

23. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. If the air temperature near the shore of a lake measures 24°C and the temperature increases by 0.055°C every 10 m traveled away from the lake, what would the air temperature 1 km from the lake be? F 5°C G 25°C H 29.5°C I 35°C Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

24. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. If the air temperature near the shore of a lake measures 24°C and the temperature increases by 0.055°C every 10 m traveled away from the lake, what would the air temperature 1 km from the lake be? F 5°C G 25°C H 29.5°C I 35°C Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

25. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. In a temperate desert, the temperature dropped from 50°C at noon to 37°C by nightfall. By how many degrees did the noon temperature drop? A 13°C B 20°C C 26°C D 50°C Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

26. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. In a temperate desert, the temperature dropped from 50°C at noon to 37°C by nightfall. By how many degrees did the noon temperature drop? A 13°C B 20°C C 26°C D 50°C Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

27. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 4. Earth is tilted on its axis at a 23.5° angle. What is the measure of the angle that is complementary to a 23.5° angle? F 66.5° G 67.5° H 156.5° I 336.5° Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

28. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 4. Earth is tilted on its axis at a 23.5° angle. What is the measure of the angle that is complementary to a 23.5° angle? F 66.5° G 67.5° H 156.5° I 336.5° Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

29. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 5. After a volcanic eruption, the average temperature in a region dropped from 30°C to 18°C. By what percentage did the temperature drop? A 30% B 25% C 40% D 15% Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation

30. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 5. After a volcanic eruption, the average temperature in a region dropped from 30°C to 18°C. By what percentage did the temperature drop? A 30% B 25% C 40% D 15% Chapter 4 Standardized Test Preparation