1. Kuhn REVOLUTIONARY SCIENCE Normal science breeds anomalies---breeds crises Astronomy example—Copernican revolution  "astronomy’s complexity was increasing far more rapidly than its accuracy and a discrepancy corrected in one place was likely to show up in another." Recall how Ptolemy's calculations were always just a bit off  "Though they may begin to loose faith and then to consider alternatives, they do not renounce the paradigm that has led them into crisis. They do not, that is, treat anomalies as counterinstances, for centuries, instead of changing paradigms "scientists" just kept adding epicyles--they did not understand that miscalculations meant Ptolemy was wrong  When the paradigm ceases to function properly, scientists begin to behave differently and the nature of their research problems changes. Finally, there were a crazy number of epicycles--something was clearly wrong--CRISIS

2. Kuhn REVOLUTIONARY SCIENCE Normal science breeds anomalies--breeds crises PARADIGM SHIFT —a revolutionary change of metaphysics &/or theory&/or method- competing articulations---arguments in the literature willingness to try anything discontent with research turn to philosophy and to debate over fundamentals

3. Kuhn REVOLUTIONARY SCIENCE Normal science breeds anomalies--breeds crises  "The decision to reject one paradigm is always simultaneously the decision to accept another and the judgment leading to that decision involves the comparison of both paradigms with nature and with each other." (p.79):  " crisis alone is not enough. Something must make at least a few scientists feel that the new proposal is on the right track, and sometimes it is only personal and inarticulate aesthetic considerations that can do that.. " (p.158)

4. Kuhn REVOLUTIONARY SCIENCE Normal science breeds anomalies--breeds crises CRITERIA FOR DECISION TO ACCEPT NEW PARADIGM  new pardigm is claimed to have solved crisis- provoking problems:  new pardigm gives new & interesting predictions:  new pardigm is claimed to be simpler

5. Kuhn REVOLUTIONARY SCIENCE Normal science breeds anomalies--breeds crises INCOMMENSURABILITY not possible to understand one paradigm through the conceptual framework and terminology of another rival paradigm.  Then how can one person accept new theory?  How can one person undergo a paradigm shift?

6. Kuhn REVOLUTIONARY SCIENCE Kuhn's attempts to explain PARADIGM SHIFT Gestalt analogies— 1. DUCK-RABBIT "The duck-rabbit shows that two men with the same retinal impressions can see different things; the inverting lenses show that two men with different retinal impressions can see the same thing."

7. Kuhn REVOLUTIONARY SCIENCE Kuhn's attempts to explain PARADIGM SHIFT Gestalt analogies— INVERTED GOGGLES— subjects w/ inverting goggles see everything up side down at first,

8. Kuhn REVOLUTIONARY SCIENCE Kuhn's attempts to explain PARADIGM SHIFT Gestalt analogies—INVERTED GOGGLES— but get used to the goggles & stop seeing upside down.

9. Kuhn REVOLUTIONARY SCIENCE Kuhn's attempts to explain PARADIGM SHIFT Gestalt analogies—INVERTED GOGGLES— when the goggles are first removed, everything appears to be up side down again.

10. Kuhn REVOLUTIONARY SCIENCE Kuhn's attempts to explain PARADIGM SHIFT Gestalt analogies—INVERTED GOGGLES— After a while everything is normal again.

11. Kuhn REVOLUTIONARY SCIENCE Kuhn's attempts to explain PARADIGM SHIFT Gestalt analogies— Red Spades—Black hearts Few noticed the problem at first & just interpreted the suit in terms of color

12. Kuhn REVOLUTIONARY SCIENCE Kuhn's attempts to explain PARADIGM SHIFT "the new paradigm------ emerges all at once, sometimes in the middle of the night, in the mind of a man deeply immersed in crisis." (p.90) the scientist who embraces a new paradigm is like the man wearing inverting lenses." (pp.121-22)

13. Kuhn REVOLUTIONARY SCIENCE PARADIGM SHIFT Paradigms Change the World in which Scientists Work "In a sense that I am unable to explicate further, the proponents of competing paradigms practice their trades in different worlds. " --in other words, he recognized that his theory of paradigm shift is flawed.

14. Kuhn REVOLUTIONARY SCIENCE PARADIGM SHIFT "Max Planck... sadly remarked that ‘a new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it.’"

15. Kuhn REVOLUTIONARY SCIENCE PARADIGM SHIFT "Verification is like natural selection: it picks out the most viable among the actual alternatives in a particular historical situation."