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History of Health Care
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Ancient Times Humans had to protect themselves against predators
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Ancient Times Superstitious
Illness/disease caused by supernatural spirits Exorcise evil spirits Trepanation used as treatment
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Ancient Times Herbs and plants used as medicine
Digitalis from foxglove plant Then: chewed leaves to strengthen and slow heart Today: pill, IV, injections
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Ancient Times Quinine from bark of cinchona tree
Controls fever, muscle spasms of malaria
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Ancient Times Belladonna and atropine from poisonous nightshade plant
Relieves muscle spasms especially GI pain
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Ancient Times Morphine from opium poppy Relieves severe pain
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Egyptians
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Egyptians Earliest to keep accurate health records Superstitious
Identified certain diseases Imhotep (2725 BC) may have been first physician
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Temples were places of worship, medical schools, and hospitals
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Egyptians Prescriptions were written on papyrus
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Egyptians Embalming Strong antiseptics used to prevent decay
Gauze similar to today’s surgical gauze
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Egyptians Some medical practices still used today Enemas
Circumcision (4000 B.C.): preceded marriage Closing wounds Setting fractures
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Eye of Horus Magic eye Amulet to guard against disease, suffering, and evil
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Eye of Horus Evolved into modern Rx sign
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Ancient Chinese
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Ancient Chinese Need to treat whole body by curing spirit & nourishing body Recorded medications based on herbs Acupuncture Began search for medical reasons for illness
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Greek Medicine
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Greek Medicine First to study causes of diseases
Diseases caused by lack of sanitation
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Hippocrates
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Greek Medicine Hippocrates No dissection, only observations
Careful notes of signs/symptoms of disease Disease not caused by supernatural forces Wrote standard of ethics, which is the basis for today’s medical ethics
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Roman Medicine
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Aesculapius Staff and serpent symbol of medicine
Temples built in his honor became the first true clinics and hospitals
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Roman Medicine Learned from the Greeks and developed a sanitation system Aqueducts and sewers Public baths
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Roman Medicine Beginning of public health
First to organize medical care Army medicine Room in doctor’s house became first hospital Public hygiene Flood control, solid construction of homes
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Dark Ages ( A.D.)
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Dark Ages Medicine practiced only in convents and monasteries
Custodial care Life and death in God’s hands No contributions made to medicine during this time
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Middle Ages Terrible epidemics Bubonic plague (Black Death) Smallpox
Diphtheria Syphilis Measles Typhoid fever Tuberculosis
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Middle Ages Realization of fact that disease is contagious
Quarantine laws Arab physicians advance pharmacology Base diagnoses on signs & symptoms of disease
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Renaissance Medicine A.D.
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Renaissance Medicine Universities and medical schools for research
Dissection Printing press allows spread of knowledge
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Renaissance Medicine Michael Servetus Roger Bacon
Describes circulatory system in lungs Digestion source of heat Roger Bacon Chemical remedies to treat disease Researches optics
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Reanissance Medicine Leonardo da Vinci Anatomy of the body
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16th and 17th Century
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16th and 17th Century Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1676)
Playing with lenses (invented microscope) Observed microorganism
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16th and 17th Century William Harvey Circulation of blood
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16th and 17th Century Gabriele Fallopius Discovered fallopian tube
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16th and 17th Century Bartolomo Eustachio
Discovered eustachian tube from ear to throat
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16th and 17th Century Ambroise Pare Father of modern surgery
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18th Century
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18th Century Gabriel Fahrenheit John Hunter
Created first mercury thermometer John Hunter Established surgical procedures
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18th Century Joseph Priestly Discovered oxygen
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18th Century Benjamin Franklin Invented bifocals
Found that colds could be passed from person to person
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18th Century Edward Jenner 1796, smallpox vaccination
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19th Century
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19th Century French barbers acted as surgeons James Blundell
First successful blood transfusions
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19th Century Laennec Invented the stethoscope
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19th Century Ignaz Semmelweiss
Identified the cause of childbed fever (puerperal fever) which led to the importance of handwashing
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19th Century Elizabeth Blackwell First female physician in US
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19th Century Florence Nightingale Founder of modern nursing
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19th Century Joseph Lister Used carbolic acid on wounds to kill germs
First doctor to use an antiseptic during surgery
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19th Century Paul Ehrlich
Discovered effect of medicine on disease causing microorganism Treatment for syphilis
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19th Century Clara Barton Founded American Red Cross
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19th Century Louis Pasteur (1860-1895)
Proved microorganisms cause disease Created vaccine for rabies
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19th Century Robert Koch Father of Microbiology
Specific germ causes specific disease Identified germ causing TB
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19th Century Dimitri Ivanoski Discovered viruses
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19th Century Wilhelm Roentgen Discovered X-rays
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20th Century Carl Landsteiner Classified the ABO blood groups
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20th Century Alexander Fleming
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20th Century Gerhard Domagk Discovered sulfonamide drugs
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20th Century Jonas Salk Developed polio vaccine using dead polio virus
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20th Century Francis Crick and James Watson
Describe structure of DNA and how carries genetic info
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20th Century Dr. Michael DeBakey
Invented first heart-lung machine for open-heart surgery
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20th Century Alfred Sabin Developed oral live-virus polio vaccine
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1960-1970 1960: FDA approved birth control pills
1963: First liver transplant 1964: First lung transplant 1965: Medicare/Medicaid established 1968: First heart transplant 1967: First hospice created
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1973: HMO’s established 1975: use of amniocentesis to diagnose inherited disease before birth 1975 CAT scan developed 1975: ruled that parents have right to remove life support from daughter 1978: First “test tube” baby 1979: Smallpox eradicated 1980: Birth of genetic engineering
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1980 to 1990 1981: AIDS identifies as a disease
1982: Implantation of first artificial heart 1984: HIV causes AIDS 1989: Act of congress establish quality of health care
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1990 to present 1990: First use of gene therapy to treat disease
1997: A sheep was cloned 2000: Scientists with the International Human Genome Project released a rough draft of the human genome First HPV vaccine approved Laurent Lantieri performs the first full face transplant Present: Stem cell research
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The End for Now
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Grading Criteria for History Timeline
50 Quality of workmanship 20 Arrangement is eye appealing 10 Use of color-creativity 20 Presentation Bonus: 5 pts max for interesting info
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Questions When did most of the significant changes in health care occur? Why were the greatest advances made in this time period? What are some possibilities for the future of health care? Did you encounter any problems within your group? If so, how were they resolved? Evaluate your team as a whole and discuss any members who did very well or very poorly.
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