1. Magdalena D. Anguelova Michael H. Bettenhausen Michael H. Bettenhausen William F. Johnston William F. Johnston Peter W. Gaiser Peter W. Gaiser Whitecap fraction database for studies of whitecaps variability and its influence on sea-spray source function Workshop: Primary Marine Aerosol Fluxes National University of Ireland, Galway May 10-11, 2010

2. Workshop 11 May2Whitecaps database Anguelova et al., NRL Rate of production of sea spray per unit area per increment of droplet radius, r (s -1 m -2  m -1 ). Sea spray generation function Explicit forms for 4 size regions covering 1.6 to 500  m range. Andreas (2001) (Monahan and O’Muircheartaigh, 1980)

3. Workshop 11 May3Whitecaps database Anguelova et al., NRL Objective Model the high variability of foam fraction Model the high variability of foam fraction U – wind speed (U 10 or u * )  T – atmospheric stability (= T air – T sea ) X – wind fetch d – wind duration U cur – water currents T s – sea surface temperature S – salinity C k – concentration, type (k) of surface active materials

4. Workshop 11 May4Whitecaps database Anguelova et al., NRL Motivation Sea spray Sea spray Heat exchange Heat exchange Tropical storm intensification Tropical storm intensification Sea-salt aerosols Sea-salt aerosols Direct effect – cooling Direct effect – cooling Indirect effect Indirect effect Dominate the activation of CCN Dominate the activation of CCN Compete with SO42- aerosols Compete with SO42- aerosols Halogen chemistry Halogen chemistry Reactive Cl and Br Reactive Cl and Br Tropospheric O3 Tropospheric O3 Sink of S Sink of S Whitecaps Whitecaps Gas exchange Gas exchange Ocean albedo Ocean albedo Geophysical retrievals Geophysical retrievals Surface wind Surface wind Ocean color Ocean color Salinity Salinity Photo courtesy of C. Fairall

5. Workshop 11 May5Whitecaps database Anguelova et al., NRL Framework Improve existing or develop new models Improve existing or develop new models Investigate correlations Investigate correlations Extensive database: W + various factors Extensive database: W + various factors Measurements: W + various factors Measurements: W + various factors Existing W measurements Existing W measurements Photographs/video images Photographs/video images Insufficient for extensive database Insufficient for extensive database Alternative approach: From satellites to get Alternative approach: From satellites to get Global coverage Global coverage Wide range of meteo & environ conditions Wide range of meteo & environ conditions Whitecap variability:   

6. Workshop 11 May6Whitecaps database Anguelova et al., NRL Remote sensing of sea foam Strong whitecaps signature in Vis, IR,  W Strong whitecaps signature in Vis, IR,  W Microwave region Microwave region Improvements Improvements More physical models More physical models Independent variables Independent variables

7. Workshop 11 May7Whitecaps database Anguelova et al., NRL Data Independent sources Independent sources T B from WindSat T B from WindSat V, L from SSM/I or TMI V, L from SSM/I or TMI U 10 and  from QuikSCAT or GDAS U 10 and  from QuikSCAT or GDAS T s from GDAS T s from GDAS S = 34 psu S = 34 psu Trade-off: Sampling issues Trade-off: Sampling issues GDAS (6-hr analyses) GDAS (6-hr analyses) Only 4 full swaths Only 4 full swaths Large time differences Large time differences QuikSCAT QuikSCAT Chunks of swaths Chunks of swaths Asc/desc passes opposite Asc/desc passes opposite Sample count

8. Workshop 11 May8Whitecaps database Anguelova et al., NRL Whitecaps data base All available orbits for All available orbits for Low resolution (50×70 km2) Low resolution (50×70 km2) Time period Time period Entire 2006 Entire 2006 Months of 2003, 2007 and 2008 Months of 2003, 2007 and 2008 Gridding data Gridding data With 0.5  x 0.5  grid box With 0.5  x 0.5  grid box Any other N  x N  possible Any other N  x N  possible Time periods: Time periods: Daily; Daily; Monthly Monthly Weekly (7 days) Weekly (7 days) 3-days 3-days

9. Workshop 11 May9Whitecaps database Anguelova et al., NRL Other factors besides W 6 additional variables 6 additional variables Wind speed ( U 10 ) Wind speed ( U 10 ) Wind direction (  ) Wind direction (  ) Sea surface temperature ( T s ) Sea surface temperature ( T s ) Air temperature @ 2 m ( T a ) Air temperature @ 2 m ( T a ) Wave field Wave field Significant wave height ( H s ) Significant wave height ( H s ) Mean wave period ( T p ) Mean wave period ( T p ) Various sources Various sources Other satellites (QuikSCAT) Other satellites (QuikSCAT) Models Models GDAS GDAS NWW3 NWW3 Mar 2006

10. Workshop 11 May10Whitecaps database Anguelova et al., NRL Derived environmental factors Mar 2006 Stability,  T () Stability,  T (  C ) Mar 2006 Fetch, X (km)  T > 0 | Stable | Reduced mixing  T < 0 | Unstable | Increased mixing Atmospheric stability proxy Atmospheric stability proxy Fetch Fetch

11. Workshop 11 May11Whitecaps database Anguelova et al., NRL Geographic characteristics of W March, 2007 0.5  x 0.5  Wind speed formula Satellite, GHz, H pol. Satellite, 10.7 GHz, H pol.

12. Workshop 11 May12Whitecaps database Anguelova et al., NRL Seasonal variations of W 37H Dec-Jan-Feb

13. Workshop 11 May13Whitecaps database Anguelova et al., NRL Mar-Apr-May Seasonal variations of W 37H

14. Workshop 11 May14Whitecaps database Anguelova et al., NRL Jun-Jul-Aug Seasonal variations of W 37H

15. Workshop 11 May15Whitecaps database Anguelova et al., NRL Sep-Oct-Nov Seasonal variations of W 37H

16. Workshop 11 May16Whitecaps database Anguelova et al., NRL Spatial and temporal variations Every 5th day in March 2006

17. Workshop 11 May17Whitecaps database Anguelova et al., NRL Spatial and temporal variations Every 5th day in July 2006

18. Workshop 11 May18Whitecaps database Anguelova et al., NRL Spatial and temporal variations Every 5th day in November 2006

19. Workshop 11 May19Whitecaps database Anguelova et al., NRL Correlation maps Used 0.5  0.5  gridded data of W and other variables Used 0.5  0.5  gridded data of W and other variables Time period to investigate Time period to investigate Seasonal variations over 2006 Seasonal variations over 2006 Time series of W and x assembled for each grid box Time series of W and x assembled for each grid box Monthly data  up to 12-points per grid box Monthly data  up to 12-points per grid box Weekly data  up to 43-points per grid box Weekly data  up to 43-points per grid box 3-days data  up to 109-points per grid box 3-days data  up to 109-points per grid box Find correlation coefficients ( r ) for Find correlation coefficients ( r ) for each W-x pair each W-x pair in each grid box in each grid box r is a measure of the strength (or presence) of linear dependence between two variables r is a measure of the strength (or presence) of linear dependence between two variables

20. Workshop 11 May20Whitecaps database Anguelova et al., NRL Correlation maps W vs  T W vs XW vs U 10

21. Workshop 11 May21Whitecaps database Anguelova et al., NRL Factors contribution to W variance Use the correlation maps Use the correlation maps For each grid box obtain r 2 (coefficient of determination) for each W-x relation For each grid box obtain r 2 (coefficient of determination) for each W-x relation Rank r2 from min to max in each grid box Rank r2 from min to max in each grid box The factor with the max( r 2 ) contributes the most at this grid box The factor with the max( r 2 ) contributes the most at this grid box Color-code each factor contribution Color-code each factor contribution

22. Workshop 11 May22Whitecaps database Anguelova et al., NRL Contributions to W variance Monthly data, correlations on up to 12 data points

23. Workshop 11 May23Whitecaps database Anguelova et al., NRL Summary Foam fraction W estimates from WindSat TB data Foam fraction W estimates from WindSat TB data Data base of W assembled with other variables Data base of W assembled with other variables Whitecaps variability Whitecaps variability Correlations Correlations Regional contributions of various factors Regional contributions of various factors Work in progress Work in progress

24. Workshop 11 May24Whitecaps database Anguelova et al., NRL Additional slides

25. Workshop 11 May25Whitecaps database Anguelova et al., NRL Validation Insufficient ground truth values Insufficient ground truth values Data collection Data collection Slow and expensive Slow and expensive Sporadic and non-systematic Sporadic and non-systematic Limited range of conditions Limited range of conditions Fewer in situ-satellite matches in time and space Fewer in situ-satellite matches in time and space Different principles of measurement Different principles of measurement Visible photography vs microwave radiometry Visible photography vs microwave radiometry

26. Workshop 11 May26Whitecaps database Anguelova et al., NRL Various validation approaches

27. Workshop 11 May27Whitecaps database Anguelova et al., NRL Direct validation: results 180-min time window

28. Workshop 11 May28Whitecaps database Anguelova et al., NRL Samples available for 1 month Sample count High latitudes with high winds are under represented. High latitudes with high winds are under represented.

29. Workshop 11 May29Whitecaps database Anguelova et al., NRL Seasonal variations Dec-Jan-Feb Mar-Apr-MayJun-Jul-AugSep-Oct-Nov 10H

30. Workshop 11 May30Whitecaps database Anguelova et al., NRL Seasonal variations Dec-Jan-FebMar-Apr-May Jun-Jul-Aug Sep-Oct-Nov 10H