1. Chapter 3 Education Policy for Development in Korea

2. Contents II. The Educational Development II. The Educational Development Stages of Korea Stages of Korea II. The Educational Development II. The Educational Development Stages of Korea Stages of Korea III. Seven Key Strategies of Korea III. Seven Key Strategies of Korea I. Why Education? IV. Evaluations and Implications

3. I. Why Education?

4.  Education can build up a virtuous circle with G&D. How Education Affects Economic Growth How Education Affects Economic Growth Education and G & D – A Virtuous Circle

5.  Why is it important? - Labor and capital inputs are not infinite. - They also eventually face ‘diminishing marginal return’. - Human capital, technology and institution can overcome this problem. - Education is a major factor of human capital accumulation, technological enhancement and institutional improvement.  Education also helps social vertical mobility. - It adds dynamism to the society and contributes to increasing the size of economically middle class. - This helps “stable” and “secure” economic growth. How Education Affects Economic Growth How Education Affects Economic Growth

6. Note: PPP Exchange rate (2005), Hodrick-Prescott filtered Source: The World Bank The End of Rapid Growth Era Growth rate of Korea has been declining since the late 1980s. Growth rate of GDP per capita(1980-2012) (%, US10,000) Korea The USA Japan Germany Italy

7. Source: S.Shin etc,(2012, KDI) The Future? Growth Potential and Decomposition Growth Potential and Decomposition Contribution by capital and labor decreased, and total factor productivity contribution also dropped. – Then what to do? Growth potential of Korea is expected to decline in the future. Labor Capital Total Factor Productivity

8. Reforming the public pension and health insurance program Extending employment opportunities for female, elderly and disadvantaged groups. Reforming the public pension and health insurance program Extending employment opportunities for female, elderly and disadvantaged groups. The speed of population aging is far higher in Korea than other major developed countries. Aging Society 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 60657075808590950005101520253035404550 (% of total population) EU Korea Japan US Australia and New Zealand Share of the aged population (65+) Source: World Bank

9. II. The Educational Development Stages of Korea

10.  Stages of Korean Education Development Development Stages of Education Development Phase 1 st Phase2 nd Phase3 rd Phase4 th Phase Period1945~19601961~19801981~20002001~Present

11. Development Stages of Education Development Period1945~1960 Main Economic Development Specialties Reconstruction after Liberation Establishment of Postwar Korea Challenges to Education Compulsory Education Major Concerns Access to Opportunity Main Educational Development Basic Educational Systems Universalizing Elementary Education Policy Choice Universal Compulsory Education Reconstruction of Education Infrastructure 1 st Phase

12. 83 5 Rapid Decline in Illiteracy Rate (%) Source: KDI

13. Development Stages of Education Development Period1961~1980 Main Economic Development Specialties Export-Oriented Industrialization and High Development Challenges to Education Secondary Education for All Supply for Technical Manpower Major Concerns Growth of Quantity Efficiency Control Main Educational Development Expansion of Secondary Education Amplification of Vocational Education and Training Policy Choice Expansion and Equalization of Secondary Education Technical Vocational Education & Training 2 nd Phase

14. From ‘Universal Primary Education’ to Promoting ‘engineers and skilled workers’ Korea excelled in International Vocational Training Competition (the Vocational Olympics), wining nine times in a row during 1977-1991.  Technical and vocational schools were established. * Kum-Oh Technical High School (1972) - 8 Japanese teachers with technical know-how were recruited between 1972-76. - In 1976, among 400 new students, more than half were top graduates from middle schools in Korea  Technical licensing and certification system were introduced.  Technical and vocational schools were established. * Kum-Oh Technical High School (1972) - 8 Japanese teachers with technical know-how were recruited between 1972-76. - In 1976, among 400 new students, more than half were top graduates from middle schools in Korea  Technical licensing and certification system were introduced. Broad access to education raised level of manpower. Educating Manpower – Skilled Workers

15. Education, education…. Leader of modernization of the country!

16. Car Parade -- Welcoming Ceremony for Vocational Olympics Medalists

17. Development Stages of Education Development Period1981~2000 Main Economic Development Specialties Economic Reconstruction and Stable Growth Challenges to Education Universalization of Higher Education Major Concerns Quality Autonomy Accountability Main Educational Development Growth of Higher Education Policy Choice Decentralized local Autonomy of Education Expansion of Higher Education Quality Improvement 3 rd Phase

18. Development Stages of Education Development Period2001~Present Main Economic Development Specialties Knowledge-based Society & Economy Challenges to Education Lifelong Learning Human Resource Development Major Concerns Competitiveness in Globalized Knowledge- Society Main Educational Development Enforcement of Education Reform and competitive Power Policy Choice Restructuring Higher Education HRD & Lifelong Learning Quality Improvement in Public I. The Educational Development and Strategies of Korea 4 th Phase

19.  National Education Level Average Achievements of Korean Education Average Source: KDI

20. III. Seven Key Strategies of Korea

21.  Seven Key factors in the quantitative expansion (1) The achievement of universal access to elementary education in the beginning stage of education expansion (2) A sequential bottom-up approach that expanded elementary education, followed by the expansion of middle school and high school education. Korean Strategy to the Development of Education Source: KDI

22.  Seven Key factors in the quantitative expansion (3) A low cost approach was implemented to expand access to education without reducing its quality. (4) Private schools contributed to the expansion of access to secondary education to achieve targeted enrollment. (5) An Egalitarian approach is implemented with "Abolition of Entrance Examination to Middle Schools" and "High School Equalization Policy". (6) Legal provision was made to secure funding for education: The ‘Law of Grants for Local Education Financing’ set aside 12.98% of total domestic tax revenue for elementary and secondary education. (7) Parents’ strong aspirations for their children’ educational success built up strong demand for education even in the period of low per capita income. Korean Strategy to the Development of Education

23.  Educational Information Support System - From the latter part of the 1990s, information and communication technology in South Korea entered a new level of development. - The ICT has been widely used for school management and instructional program development. - In the education sector, the educational information support system made its greatest contribution to school education with the establishment of (1) NEIS, (2) EDUNET, (3)Cyber Home Learnig System, (4) the EBS system. ICT in Education ICT in Education

24.  NEIS - The National Educational Information System has been in operation since 2003. - It brings all administrative authorities and schools into an information network whereby the agencies concerned share information with regard to students, administration, academic affairs, school management, and educational financing. ICT in Education ICT in Education EDUNET - An educational information service that allows all educational service users to actively respond to the rapid changes in today’s information & knowledge society. - Launched on July 11, 1996, it is the nation’s largest education portal, and supports the distribution and utilization of a diverse range of high-quality educational contents.

25.  The Cyber Home Learning System is an on-line learning service to support students for self-study through the Internet. - The Cyber Home Learning System is used by 3,089,303 students and is supported by 60,891 cyber teachers and parent tutors.  The EBS (Educational Broadcasting System) TV channel was established in the 1980s to broadcast educational programs which are directly related to materials taught at elementary and middle school levels. EBS offered TV programs as low-cost substitutes for private tutoring. Cyber Home Learning System and EBS

26. IV. Evaluations and Implications

27.  The political leadership of the president Rhee, Seungman and Park, Chung Hee - In terms of educational development in South Korea, political leadership played an important role. - The leadership of President Park Chung Hee deserves special attention for his role in the remarkable economic growth which, in turn, provided resources for educational development. - The national goals of President Park's government were national defense and economic development. - Major educational development projects were framed in the context of educational contribution to the national tasks. Evaluation and Implications

28.  Cooperative Correspondence Between Economic Development and Education Policy in Korea National Development Phase Economic DevelopmentEducation Policy Phase 1 (1945-1960) Agriculture Society, Postwar Reconstruction, Period Export- Centered Industrialization Establishment of Basic Education System, Universalization of Elementary Education Phase 2 1960s Labor-Intensive Industrialization Centered on Light Industry Expansion of Secondary Education, Training and Expansion of Vocational Technology Education 1970s Heavy and Chemical Industrialization, Fostering Large Companies Phase 3 (1980s-1990s) Technology, Knowledge, Information- Intensive Industrialization Expansion of Higher Education Phase 4 (2000-present) Entry into Globalization, Informationalization, Knowledge- Based Economy Popularization of Higher Education, Educational Informationalization, Lifelong Learning, National Human Resource Development Evaluation and Implications

29. Budget Investment in Education Share of Education in Gov’t Expense of Korea (‘70-’09) Economy Education, R&D and Culture Social Welfare Source: KDI

30.  Competitiveness of Teaching Profession The teaching profession in Korea is one of the most competitive jobs. The most compelling strength of the Korean schooling system is that traditionally teachers and the teaching profession have a positive image and their social status and expectations are high. The teaching profession is a highly secure job, as it guarantees mandatory retirement age. Most teachers are employed as permanent employees, which allows teachers to devote themselves to teaching without worrying about job security. They also work in unconstrained working conditions, enjoy stable business hours, and have access to adequate welfare systems such as extended leave. In comparison with other countries, teachers have advantages in terms of salary and pension. Evaluation and Implications

31.  Korea’s Experiences of Institutional Approach Government-funded Research & Development institutes The late President Park appreciated the need for national think- tanks for national development. From the latter part of the 1960s, the government began to establish national research and development institutes. KIST (Korean Institute of Science and Technology) was established in 1964. KDI (Korean Development Institute) and KEDI (Korean Educational Development Institute) followed later. These institutes have played important roles in R & D. Evaluation and Implications

32. Educational Institutes Korea has now a variety of educational institutes. Korean Educational Development Institute(KEDI, 1972) : Educational Policy Korean Institute for Curriculum and Evaluation(KICE, 1997) : Curriculum Korea Research Institute for Vocational Education & Training(KRIVET, 1997) : Vocational Education & Training Korea Education and Research Information Service(KERIS, 1999) : ICT in Education National Institute for Lifelong Education(NILE, 2008) : Lifelong Learning Evaluation and Implications

33. Primary  Secondary  Tertiary Education Sequential Government Budget Investment Steady Increase in Education Budget MOE Budget/Gov’t Budget: 9.8%(1963)  20.7%(2010) Heavy Reliance on Private Contribution High School: 50.7%(1965)  61.7%(1990)  44.5%(2010) University: 75.4%(1965)  75.5%(1990)  78.9%(2010) High School: 50.7%(1965)  61.7%(1990)  44.5%(2010) University: 75.4%(1965)  75.5%(1990)  78.9%(2010) Efficient Use of Available Resources High Teacher Salary  High Quality Teacher Evaluation and Implications

34. Korea’s education emphasized ‘quantitative expansion’ first, and very high enrollment rates were achieved. However, it experienced difficulties in raising creative human resources. Also, unemployment rates for university graduates has become high. The government recommend autonomous and voluntary reform to universities, and increase job opportunities for the youth.. Evaluation and Implications Year of attaining 90% In entering into a school of higher level Elementary > Middle1979 Middle > High1985 High > Tertiary1995 Year of 90% Enrollment rate Elementary1957 Middle1990 High1999 Tertiary2000 ※ In tertiary education, an enrollment rate of 50% is applied