1. A verb A word that describes an action (read, walk) or an occurrence (happen, become) or indicates a state of being (is, exist)

2. Action Verbs Tells what action (mental or physical) someone or something is performing

3. Transitive Action verbs The action of the verb transfers directly to the receiver of the action, the direct object. The receiver is in the sentence. Jason bought the car. action verb direct object Ask the question: _______what? Or _______ who? verb verb If the question is answered, the verb is transitive.

4. Intransitive Action verbs The receiver of the action is not named in the sentence. adverb prepositional phrase Jason bought continually at the sale. action verb no direct object The sentence doesn’t tell us what Jason bought. Ask the question: _______what? Or _______ who? verb verb If the question is NOT answered, the verb is intransitive. Note: Subjects, verbs, and direct objects are never in prepositional phrases.

5. Transitive or Intransitive Differing opinions drove the North and South apart. The North and the South grew farther apart. The North fought continually for a central government. The North developed an industrialized economy that was not dependent on slavery. Northerners believed in government help for citizens. Southerners used slaves to work their cotton plantations.

6. Transitive or Intransitive A strong central government would also interfere with slavery. Some people thought the issues unresolvable. The Southern states used slaves to support their economy. The North’s trading and financial interests benefited from a strong central government. Neither the North nor the South dominated in the Senate. Most Northerners believed slavery immoral.

7. Transitive or Intransitive Few Northerners, however, strongly opposed slavery. Other territories struggled over the question of being “free” or “slave.” Southerners rejected Lincoln’s position on slavery. The North supported Lincoln in his fight to end slavery. The North and South prepared for war.

8. Linking Verbs

9. Linking verbs Linking verbs do not show action A linking verb connects/links the subject with a word that— describes or identifies the subject. (predicate adjective) (predicate noun) Bill sounds strong. Bill is a cyclist. If you can substitute am, is, or are (or any “be” verb) for the verb, it is likely a linking verb.

10. Common Linking Verbs Be verbs –is –are –was –were –am –being –been –be Linking verbs (most may also be used as action verbs) –appear –look –sound –taste –smell –feel – grow – seem – become – remain – stay – turn

11. Action or Linking? 1.The first passenger cars on trains looked very different from today’s cars. 2.For one thing, they resembled horse-drawn carriages. 3.Larger passenger cars were developed before the American Civil War. 4.Each of these cars held more than fifty passengers. 5.Before the 1900s, all passenger cars were made entirely of wood.

12. Helping Verbs Be verbs (if followed by a main verb) –is –are –was –were –am –been –be Other helping verbs –do –does –did –has –have –had – can – could – may – might – must Helping verbs usually precede (come before) the main verb. The main verb is the last verb in the verb phrase. Present participles (-ing verbs) that function as main verbs, must have helping verbs. Adverbs sometimes interrupt the verb phrase. – shall – should – will – would

13. Verb Phrases include the main verb and all helping verbs –He had walked home. –Max has often preferred to carry his lunch. –By Monday we will have studied all the verbs on the chart.

14. Verb phrases 1.Our cat Sophie has been living with us for 8 years. 2.Alisa went to the hockey game. 3.Yes he did explain his project to the teacher. 4.Rosita could have won first place. 5.The speaker has been delayed because of traffic. 6.The singers are preparing for the concert. 7.Steve is bringing his tennis racquet. 8.They have often hiked to the top of the mountain.

15. Verbs Principal Parts 6 Tenses Active and Passive Voice Troublesome Verbs

16. 4 Principal Parts of Verbs PresentPresent Participle PastPast Participle base verb(helping verb) + -ing form of verb (always the –ing form) -ed or irregular form of verb (helping verb) + -ed or irregular form of verb talk(h-verb) talkingtalked(h-verb) talked try(h-v) tryingtried(h-v) tried remember(h-v) rememberingremembered (h-v) remembered say(h-v) sayingsaid(h-v) said run(h-v) runningran(h-v) run burst(h-v) burstingburst(h-v) burst swim(h-v) swimmingswam(h-v) swum

17. Principal Parts of Troublesome Verbs PresentPresent Participle PastPast Participle do(hv)doingdid(hv)done done cannot be used as main verb without a helping verb drag(hv)draggingdragged(hv)dragged drug is not a form of the verb drag go(hv)goingwent(hv)gone lay(hv)laying laid(hv)laid takes a direct object lie(hv)lyinglay(hv)lain does not take a direct object set(hv)settingset(hv)set takes a direct object sit(hv)sittingsat(hv)sat does not take a direct object raise(hv)raisingraised(hv)raised takes a direct object rise(hv)risingrose(hv)risen does not take a direct object teach(hv)teachingtaught(hv)taught Means “to give knowledge” learn(hv)learninglearned(hv)learned Means “to receive knowledge”

18. Active or Passive Voice A verb is in active voice when the subject of the verb performs the action. The students wrote the notes. subject and verb performer of action A verb is in passive voice when the subject of the verb does not perform the action. The notes were written by the students. subject verb phrase performer of action The subject and the performer of the action are the same. The subject and the performer of the action are NOT the same.

19. Passive Voice Sometimes, in passive voice, the performer of the action is not in the sentence. The notes were written during class. subject verb phrase In passive voice the performer of the action is often moved to a position after the verb and put into a prepositional phrase. The notes were written by the students. subject verb phrase performer of action in a prepositional phrase The performer of the action can be dropped from the sentence in passive voice. This sentence doesn’t say who wrote the notes.