1. Hopi Native Americans Against All Odds

2. Hopi One of the oldest living cultures Ancestors to Puebloan tribes who built many stone structures

3. Hopi Today they live on 1.5 million acres- small compared to what they once had Live on 3 Mesas 10 in of rain/snow a year

4. Dry Farming Produce Corn, Beans, Melons, Squash and others Set up Windbreakers to help soil retain moisture Plant in terraces

5. Livestock Raise sheep and cattle in small amounts Spanish introduced this to Hopi 17 th C.

6. Resourcefulness Hopi utilize 134 plant species for food, grooming, basketry, and housekeeping

7. Arts and Crafts 1 st Mesa famous for pottery 2 nd Mesa for coiled basketry 3 rd Mesa for wicker basketry, weaving, kachina doll carvings and silversmithing.

8. Arts and Crafts- 1 st Mesa Hand Built Used for storage and cooking as well as ceremonies Pots were often buried with the dead.

9. Arts and Crafts- 1 st Mesa The pottery practice declined 1700 and on until 1885. Archaeological excavations at Sikyatki (on 1 st Mesa) uncovered old pottery pieces.

10. Arts and Crafts-1 st Mesa Motifs include birds, feathers, stars, suns, circles, four directions, sky and clouds "Two Birds from the Kiva Mural at Pottery Mound" 3 1/2" tall x 6 1/4 " in diameter.

11. Arts and Crafts- 2 nd Mesa Hopi Baskets are made from plants materials found on the reservation including rabbit brush, sumac, dune brush, and yucca.

12. Arts and Crafts- 3 rd Mesa Kachina Doll Carvings Kachinas are spirit beings that bring rain and abundant harvest to Hopi people

13. Territory Threats Settled in 1200 AD They live on 3 mesas Early on, Hopi were threatened by Ute and Apaches They retreated to Mesas for protection

14. Territory Threats 17 th C., Hopi forcefully resisted Spanish Catholic Missionaries Tewa Tribe helped protect Hopi’s and Tewas became part of Hopi Tribe This image is the artist’s interpretation of the expedition. Painting by Frederick Remington (1898)

15. Territorial Threats 1882, President Chester A. Arthur designated Hopi Reservation Land He gave them 2.5 million acres, but little of which included their established ceremonial grounds

16. Territorial Threats Peabody Western Coal Company It provides income and jobs to reservations Electricity from mines helps power cities in Southern California, Phoenix, Tucson, and Las Vegas

17. Territorial Threats Grand Canyon History, Arizona State University, 2008 Peabody Energy.com, 2013 The mines and power plants pollute the air, degrade the environment and deplete the aquifer and springs. “Peabody’s environmental and community practices on Black Mesa were recognized as a world model for sustainability at the Energy Globe Awards in Brussels, Belgium.”

18. Territory Threats Currently holding out on Navajos who are encroaching on the Hopi’s territory.

19. Imagine.. You were on the archaeological team that discovered pottery pieces at Sikyatki on 1 st Mesa. How do you feel about this discovery? How will you convince others that this is an important discovery?

20. Compare What do you think archaeologists will discover from our time? How will it compare to Hopi pottery pieces? How will the discovery be important?

21. Bring in Old T Shirts!

22. Sources http://grandcanyonhistory.clas.asu.edu/site s_adjacentlands_hopireservation.html http://grandcanyonhistory.clas.asu.edu/site s_adjacentlands_hopireservation.html Multicultural Studio Art Projects for Secondary Students by Susan Hogan http://www.carnegiemnh.org/online/indian s/hopi/threats.html http://www.carnegiemnh.org/online/indian s/hopi/threats.html http://www.penfieldgallery.com/artistspott ers/nevapolnamp-5.html http://www.penfieldgallery.com/artistspott ers/nevapolnamp-5.html http://www8.nau.edu/hcpo- p/ArtsFactYth.pdf