1. Internal Text Structures

2. Compare and Contrast
This text structure shows how two or more ideas or items are similar or different.

3. Compare and contrast signal words
-Different from -As well as
-Same as Yet
-Alike Either…or
-Like Not only…but
-Similar to Compared to…
-Unlike In contrast
-But While

4. Problem and solution
This text structure presents a problem, and shows how it can be (or has been) solved.
This text structure is often confused with cause and effect
The key difference is that problem and solution always has a solution, while cause and effect does not

5. Signal Words
Problem, challenge, solution, solve, effect, hopeful, and so forth.

6. Adventures of Isabel by Ogden Nash
Isabel met an enormous bear,
Isabel, Isabel, didn't care;
The bear was hungry, the bear was ravenous,
The bear's big mouth was cruel and cavernous.
The bear said, Isabel, glad to meet you,
How do, Isabel, now I'll eat you!

7. Adventures of Isabel by Ogden Nash
Isabel, Isabel, didn't worry.
Isabel didn't scream or scurry.
She washed her hands and she
straightened her hair up,
Then Isabel quietly ate the bear up.

8. Adventures of Isabel by Ogden Nash
Once in a night as black as pitch
Isabel met a wicked old witch.
the witch's face was cross and wrinkled,
The witch's gums with teeth were sprinkled.
Ho, ho, Isabel! the old witch crowed,
I'll turn you into an ugly toad!

9. Adventures of Isabel by Ogden Nash
Isabel, Isabel, didn't worry,
Isabel didn't scream or scurry,
She showed no rage and she
showed no rancor,
But she turned the witch into milk and drank her.

10. Adventures of Isabel by Ogden Nash
Isabel met a hideous giant,
Isabel continued self reliant.
The giant was hairy, the giant was horrid,
He had one eye in the middle of his forhead.
Good morning, Isabel, the giant said,
I'll grind your bones to make my bread.

11. Adventures of Isabel by Ogden Nash
Isabel, Isabel, didn't worry,
Isabel didn't scream or scurry.
She nibled the zwieback that she always fed off,
And when it was gone, she cut the giant's head off.

12. Adventures of Isabel by Ogden Nash
Isabel met a troublesome doctor,
He punched and he poked till he really shocked her.
The doctor's talk was of coughs and chills
And the doctor's satchel bulged with pills.
The doctor said unto Isabel,
Swallow this, it will make you well.

13. Adventures of Isabel by Ogden Nash
Isabel, Isabel, didn't worry,
Isabel didn't scream or scurry.
She took those pills from the pill concocter,
And Isabel calmly cured the doctor.

14. The whole poem read by Ogden Nash

15. NOW…. Write an introductory paragraph…
Identify a challenge facing students, and use specific details and examples to explain ways to overcome that challenge.

16. Cause and Effect
This text structure shows how one or more causes led to one or more effects.
It has a strong time component, since cause comes before effect.

17. Signal Words -So that -As a result of -Because of -This led to
-Thus Then
-Unless Reasons for
-Therefore Consequently
- Since Thus accordingly
-In order to Nevertheless
-If…then

18. Enumerating or Listing
•A numbered list (Enumeration)
•or bullets (Listing)
•Order on a list does not matter
Winter Sports:
•Football
•Basketball
•Hockey
•Skiing

19. Signal Words
- one, two, three…
-Eight, nine, ten
-Pete, Lucy, Molly

20. Sequential or chronological
•Puts facts, events, or concepts in order, traces the development of a topic, lists items or events in chronological order, gives the steps in the process
Chrono = time Logic = order

21. Signal Words - First - Next - Second - Finally - Third - Following
- Now While
- Before Meanwhile
- After Last
- Then During

22. Concept/definition
•Tells the explanation or description of a concept or topic by using synonyms and signal words
Example: textbooks, encyclopedias

23. Signal Words/Phrases –Refers to –Thus –In other words –Described as
–Equals

24. Generalization
•A statement about a whole group. Could be too broad and not based on fact. Often the word "all" will make a generalization untrue ."All trees lose their leaves in the fall.”
Examples: editorials, advertising

25. Signal Words/phrases
–Always
–In fact
-All
-None
-Never

26. Process A series of actions to accomplish a goal
Information is given step-by-step.
In order to get accepted into college you must apply. Applications require that you answer specific questions about yourself and write a personal essay which must then be submitted by the application deadline

27. Signal Words
- Begins with
- In order to…
- Start here
- Step One

28. 1.Read each passage.
2.Determine how the text is organized: cause and effect, compare and contrast, chronological order, sequence / process writing, problem and solution, enumeration/listing
3.Write your answer.

29. Popular Sports
Football and baseball are two of the most popular sports in the country. They are similar in some ways. For one, they are both team sports, and they both require players to advance to an end or “home” point on the playing field. However, football, unlike baseball requires players to carry the ball to the end zone, while in baseball, it is the defending team that controls the ball while it is in play.

30. The Magic Blanket
One day while walking home from school, he found a magic blanket. When he covered himself with it, he turned invisible. At first he used his power to play all kinds of tricks on people. Then he’d turn invisible and hide things, or move a cup when someone was pouring juice to make a mess. He had a lot of fun. But then one day, he found that he couldn’t take the blanket off. He was just stuck invisible. Meanwhile, he quit playing tricks on people, hoping that he’d be able to take the blanket off and rejoin society, but it didn’t work. He is still invisible somewhere right now, and he is very lonely.

31. Studying for a test
Believe it or not, as important as it is, many students do not know how to study for a test. Well, studying for a test is easy. In order to study effectively, the first thing that you must do is take out your notes. To begin with open your notes up to the section that you are supposed to review. Read what you wrote in your notebook. When you are done, close your notebook and see if you remember the ideas that you were studying. Still don’t remember? Open your notebook back up a try again.

32. Low Test Scores
Many students have been getting low scores on tests and this is upsetting to parents, teachers, and students. Low test scores show that teachers aren’t teaching effectively or that students aren’t learning. Either way it’s an issue with which we are concerned. I propose the following: any teacher who is giving a test should open up their classroom for study groups the night and morning before the test. Maybe by giving students extra opportunities to study, we can improve students’ test scores.

33. Getting Ready for College
Brian’s mother and he are going shopping to get him ready for college. He has decided that he will need a few things to get him started. His list includes:
•Sheets
•Towels
•A lamp
•School supplies
•Snacks to keep in his dorm room.

34. Eligibility
Being involved in after school sports and clubs is not a right. It is a privilege. Therefore, students have to meet eligibility requirements. If students have any “D”s or “F”s, then they are not allowed to play. Also, if students have behavior issues in class, they cannot be on the team or in the club. students need to keep good attendance. Consequently, If students miss school, they most certainly cannot come to practice. Being on a team is a lot of responsibility.

35. Answers 1.Compare and contrast 2.Chronological 3.Process
4.Problem and solution
5.Listing/Enumeration
6.Cause and effect