1. National Expansion 1819-1850

2. Market Revolution Start of 1800s: most Americans were self- sufficient or almost self-sufficient, trading with neighbors to meet their needs By mid-century, thanks to industrialization and new technology, trade was increasing dramatically Many jobs other than farming were also available, making trade even more important

3. Market Revolution Specialization, a focus on one or two cash crops, was also becoming more common for farmers A market revolution was occurring- a change in which people bought their goods rather than making everything for themselves This changed America life

4. Market Revolution Capitalism was pushed- an economic system in which private individuals own the factors of production and individuals make their own choices- supply and demand govern the economy not the government Many people were interested in starting businesses, entrepreneurs- and many in investing

5. New Inventions New technology led to a higher standard of living and made trade even easier Communication was improved with Samuel F. B. Morse’s telegraph In 1837, he built this and revolutionized communication- it was sent via cable laid out that carried signals- Morse code- that represented letters By the 1850s a cable would connect Europe and the US

6. New Inventions Transportation was revolutionized with the introduction of the steam engine In 1807, Robert Fulton introduced the steamboat to American waters This meant ships could sail upstream and against the current, speeding up transportation dramatically By the 1830s, hundreds were in the US Canals and better roads were also helping to connect the nation

7. New Inventions Railroads and trains were being introduced in the first half of the 1800s By mid-century, almost 10,000 miles of track had been laid This connected areas of the country that didn’t have the option of water travel too

8. New Inventions Charles Goodyear- vulcanized rubber 1839- this withstood weather better than other rubber Elias Howe- the sewing machine 1846- revolutionized the textile and garment industry I.M. Singer- the foot treadle sewing machine 1851

9. New Inventions Eli Whitney- cotton gin 1794 and interchangeable parts- those helped the south and north respectively be more efficient in their areas John Deere- the steel plow in 1837- this made farming and plowing much easier Cyrus McCormick- the mechanical reaper- harvested wheat and grains much more easily than ever before

10. New Inventions All these inventions helped change American society and daily lives of American people in factories and on the farms, in the north and the south and the west, and would usher in an era even more dependent on the new technology

11. Expanding Nation Our nation continued to grow- people had large families and immigrants were pouring in from western Europe Most people immigrating were lower/working class- a few were middle and upper, but not many- they had it good where they were The lower classes saw America as a land of opportunity and wanted to come to try their luck

12. Expanding Nation Americans born in this country also saw a lot of opportunity Our nation didn’t have nobility or a strict social structure- people could work their way up and go from rags to riches It was the dream Most of the prime lands in the eastern US were held by wealthy people- if poorer people wanted land they had to head west

13. Expanding Nation So many people looked to the frontier to make their start and get their chance Our government had doubled our land with the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, added Florida with the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819, and was claiming land out west too These lands beckoned new settlers westward

14. Expanding Nation In the 1840s, a fever for westward expansion really hit- the lands in the east were becoming crowded, even lands in the Appalachian Mountains were claimed so people looked west of the Mississippi They felt the plains were a wasteland so they pushed Native Americans there and used it simply to travel across to get to California and Oregon and other western lands

15. Expanding Nation Many felt it was the right of Americans to this land They called it Manifest Destiny- it was the US’s destiny to expand and control all the land from the Atlantic to the Pacific and God wanted this The actual term Manifest Destiny came from the United States Magazine and Democratic Review

16. Expanding Nation People moved west for: freedom (Mormons- religious example), opportunity, land, to be isolated, adventure, resources, etc… This expansion made the Native Americans in the regions rightfully uneasy Many groups were really trying to cling to their heritage and ancestral lands, but few would succeed at least in the latter

17. Expanding Nation Some assimilated, or adopted white ways Many worked together to fight for their lands In the early 1830s, white settlers in Illinois and Iowa were trying to take the lands of the natives in those regions and get them to move west of the Mississippi A group of Native Americans, led by Chief Black Hawk, decided to resist and rebel

18. Expanding Nation The Black Hawk War started in the early 1830s and ended in 1832 when the American militia killed more than 200 Sauk and Fox people Those groups were then forcefully moved west of the Mississippi All Native Americans east of the Mississippi except a few Cherokee and Seminole and others had been pushed west of the Mississippi by the Indian Removal Act and wars like the Black Hawk War Many Native Americans in the far west were pushed east to those middle lands- the Great Plains

19. Expanding Nation Since all these groups were pushed together, problems also broke out among the Native Americans themselves Although they still traded with the whites and served as guides and worked in some capacities with them, the distrust between whites and Native Americans was growing Treaties were signed and broken

20. Expanding Nation In 1851, the Treaty of Fort Laramie gave Native American groups control of the Great Plains and annual payments and in turn they were bound not to attack settlers crossing those lands This treaty, time and again, was not honored Ultimately the Natives would be forced on to smaller and smaller reservations and hardly ever given the annual payments promised

21. Expanding nation To expand westward, trails were made Before those were made, pioneer and mountain men scouted out the trails- often with Native American guides Many people moving west paid guides for help navigating the land Well-traveled trails also popped up

22. Expanding nation The Santa Fe Trail led from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, NM This connected the midwest and southwest The Oregon Trail led from Independence, Missouri to Portland, Oregon The Morman Trail led from Independence, Missouri to around Utah (mostly the same as the Oregon Trail)

23. Expanding nation They were often protested by Protestants like Baptists and Methodists for their use of polygamy and other beliefs Because of their persecution, they moved west Smith’s successor Brigham Young led them westward They settled around the Great Salt Lake in Utah where huge numbers live to this day

24. Expanding nation During this time, some of our issues with Britain over northern boundaries were settled The Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842, settled the disputes over borders of Maine and Minnesota But Great Britain and the US still fought over Oregon The US really wanted this territory In the 1840s, this was a huge issue- particularly in the 1844 election

25. Expanding nation In 1844, Democrat, James K. Polk ran on the platform to annex the entire Oregon Territory- the slogan used was “Fifty-four forty or fight!” By the mid-1840s, the land wasn’t as important to Britain and they negotiated with us In 1846, the two countries set the boundary at the 49 th parallel