1. Date of download: 7/1/2016 Copyright © The American College of Cardiology. All rights reserved. From: ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation—Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(4):854-906. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.009 Patterns of atrial fibrillation (AF). 1, Episodes that generally last 7 d or less (most less than 24 h); 2, episodes that usually last more than 7 d; 3, cardioversion failed or not attempted; and 4, both paroxysmal and persistent AF may be recurrent. Figure Legend:

2. Date of download: 7/1/2016 Copyright © The American College of Cardiology. All rights reserved. From: ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation—Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(4):854-906. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.009 Posterior view of principal electrophysiological mechanisms of atrial fibrillation. A, Focal activation. The initiating focus (indicated by the star) often lies within the region of the pulmonary veins. The resulting wavelets represent fibrillatory conduction, as in multiple-wavelet reentry. B, Multiple-wavelet reentry. Wavelets (indicated by arrows) randomly re-enter tissue previously activated by the same or another wavelet. The routes the wavelets travel vary. Reproduced with permission from Konings KT, Kirchhof CJ, Smeets JR, et al. High-density mapping of electrically induced atrial fibrillation in humans. Circulation 1994;89:1665–1680 (45). LA indicates left atrium; PV, pulmonary vein; ICV, inferior vena cava; SCV, superior vena cava; and RA, right atrium. Figure Legend:

3. Date of download: 7/1/2016 Copyright © The American College of Cardiology. All rights reserved. From: ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation—Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(4):854-906. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.009 Stroke rates in relation to age among patients in untreated control groups of randomized trials of antithrombotic therapy. Data are from the Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 1994;154:1449–1457 (17). Figure Legend:

4. Date of download: 7/1/2016 Copyright © The American College of Cardiology. All rights reserved. From: ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation—Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(4):854-906. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.009 Antithrombotic therapy for prevention of stroke (ischemic and hemorrhagic) in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Adjusted- dose warfarin compared with placebo (six random trials). Modified with permission from Hart RG, Benavente O, McBride R, et al. Antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1999;131:492–501 (165). AFASAK indicates Copenhagen Atrial Fibrillation, Aspirin, Anticoagulation; BAATAF, Boston Area Anticoagulation Trial for Atrial Fibrillation; CAFA, Canadian Atrial Fibrillation Anticoagulation; EAFT, European Atrial Fibrillation Trial; SPAF, Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation; and SPINAF, Stroke Prevention in Nonrheumatic Atrial Fibrillation. Figure Legend:

5. Date of download: 7/1/2016 Copyright © The American College of Cardiology. All rights reserved. From: ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation—Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(4):854-906. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.009 Adjusted odds ratios for ischemic stroke and intracranial bleeding in relation to intensity of anticoagulation. Modified with permission from Hylek EM, Singer DE. Risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage in outpatients taking warfarin. Ann Intern Med 1994;120:897–902 (166). Data from Odén A, Fahlén M, Hart RG. Optimal INR for prevention of stroke and death in atrial fibrillation: a critical appraisal. Thromb Res 2006;117:493–9 (167). Figure Legend:

6. Date of download: 7/1/2016 Copyright © The American College of Cardiology. All rights reserved. From: ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation—Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(4):854-906. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.009 Antithrombotic therapy for prevention of stroke (ischemic and hemorrhagic) in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: warfarin compared with aspirin and aspirin compared with placebo. Modified with permission from Hart RG, Benavente O, McBride R, Pearce LA. Antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1999;131:492–501 (165). AFASAK indicates Copenhagen Atrial Fibrillation, Aspirin, Anticoagulation; EAFT, European Atrial Fibrillation Trial; ESPS, European Stroke Prevention Study; LASAF, Low-Dose Aspirin, Stroke, Atrial Fibrillation; UK-TIA, United Kingdom Transient Ischaemic Attack Aspirin Trial; PATAF, Prevention of Arterial Thromboembolism in Atrial Fibrillation; SPAF, Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation; and SPINAF, Stroke Prevention in Nonrheumatic Atrial Fibrillation. Figure Legend:

7. Date of download: 7/1/2016 Copyright © The American College of Cardiology. All rights reserved. From: ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation—Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(4):854-906. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.009 Pharmacological management of patients with newly discovered atrial fibrillation (AF). *See (Figure 9. HF indicates heart failure. Figure Legend:

8. Date of download: 7/1/2016 Copyright © The American College of Cardiology. All rights reserved. From: ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation—Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(4):854-906. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.009 Pharmacological management of patients with recurrent paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). *See (Figure 9. AAD indicates antiarrhythmic drug. Figure Legend:

9. Date of download: 7/1/2016 Copyright © The American College of Cardiology. All rights reserved. From: ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation—Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(4):854-906. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.009 Antiarrhythmic drug therapy to maintain sinus rhythm in patients with recurrent paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation. Within each box, drugs are listed alphabetically and not in order of suggested use. The vertical flow indicates order of preference under each condition. The seriousness of heart disease proceeds from left to right, and selection of therapy in patients with multiple conditions depends on the most serious condition present. See Section 8.3.3.3 in the full-text guidelines for details. LVH indicates left ventricular hypertrophy. Figure Legend:

10. Date of download: 7/1/2016 Copyright © The American College of Cardiology. All rights reserved. From: ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation—Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(4):854-906. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.009 Pharmacological management of patients with recurrent persistent or permanent atrial fibrillation (AF). *See (Figure 9. Initiate drug therapy before cardioversion to reduce the likelihood of early recurrence of AF. AAD indicates antiarrhythmic drug. Figure Legend: