1. Ancient Greece II Peloponnesian War Alexander the Great Pericles
449 BCE to 300 BCE
Peloponnesian War
Alexander the Great
Pericles

2. Results of the Persian Wars
Greece wins and preserves its independence
Athens controls trade on the Aegean Sea
Athens experiences a Golden Age and continues innovations in government and culture

3. Athenian Golden Age
Architecture, drama, poetry, sculpture, philosophy and science all reached new heights
School of Athens Raphael. Philosophers pictured include Plato and Aristotle, center, and roughly from left to right: Zeno, Epicurus, Averroes, Pythagoras, Alcibiades, Xenophon, Aeschines, Parmenides, Socrates, Heraclitus, Diogenes, Euclid, Zoroaster and Ptolemy. Artists pictured include Michelangelo Buonarroti (as Heraclitus), Leonardo da Vinci (as Plato), Donato Bramante (as Euclid), Raphael and Sodoma.

4. Pericles Father of democracy
Extended democracy; most adult males had an equal voice in government
Greatest Athenian statesman under whom ancient Greek culture flourished,  deeply influencing Roman and modern civilization. He built Acropolis from BC. 
The success attributed to Pericles' democracy ironically came from slavery. Though citizens worked for a living, they left the laborious jobs to the slaves.  Generally, slaves seemed to have accepted a larger sense of freedom than other surrounding areas. Although there were many slaves and slave owners, Pericles attempted to constitute a feeling of self-worth into every man that lived in the city-state through bonds of friendships with them. Therefore, democracy under Periclean Athens was one of encouraging its fellow citizens (79-80).
From BCE, allies gave tribute to Athens, more than ought to have been given, for Pericles to erect such resplendent structures as the Parthenon and the Acropolis so that the allies might feel that they helped Athens for a worthy cause.
“Perky Pericles: daddy of democracies”

5. Golden Age of Pericles
Pericles had Athens rebuilt after its destruction in the Persian Wars
The Parthenon is an example of this reconstruction

6. Parthenon Temple to the goddess Athena Doric columns
Conveys a sense of perfect balance

7. Greek Columns A. Doric B. Ionic C. Corinthian A. B. C. A. B. C.
Dorky, I , Crown

8. Phidias Greek Sculptor who designed the Parthenon
His figures were graceful, strong, and perfectly formed
This was also the work of Phidias. It stood in the Parthenon, or temple of Minerva (Athena) at Athens. The goddess was represented standing. In one hand she held a spear, in the other a statue of Victory (Nike). Her helmet, highly decorated, was surmounted by a Sphinx. The statue was forty feet in height, and, like the Jupiter, composed of ivory and gold. The eyes were of marble, and probably painted to represent the iris and pupil. The Parthenon, in which this statue stood, was also constructed under the direction and superintendence of Phidias. Its exterior was enriched with sculptures, many of them from the hand of Phidias. The Elgin marbles, now in the British Museum, are a part of them. [see especially: The Parthenon - The Temple of Athena Parthenos] The statue of the Olympian Jupiter by Phidias was considered the highest achievement of this department of Grecian art. It was of colossal dimensions, and was what the ancients called "chryselephantine"; that is, composed of ivory and gold; the parts representing flesh being of ivory laid on a core of wood or stone, while the drapery and other ornaments were of gold. The height of the figure was forty feet, on a pedestal twelve feet high. The god was represented seated on his throne. His brows were crowned with a wreath of olive, and he held in his right hand a sceptre, and in his left a statue of Victory (Nike). The throne was of cedar, adorned with gold and precious stones.
“His work was not hideous”

9. Greek Philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle “Lovers of wisdom”
Used logic and reason to understand the universe
Questioned accepted ideas
“SPA”

10. Socrates Questioned beliefs and moral standards
Put to death for corrupting the city’s youth and neglecting the gods

11. Socrates

12. Plato Student of Socrates
Wrote The Republic, his idea of a perfect society

13. Plato

14. Aristotle Student of Plato
His work forms the basis for the scientific method
Teacher of Alexander the Great

15. Aristotle

16. Greek Tragedies Plays which told of human suffering
Playwrights: Aeschylus and Sophocles
Aeschylus, in his play The Persians, says that the people of Athens are slaves to no-one. He means that the Persians are all slaves because they let a king tell them what to do.

17. Aeschylus “Ashes from a fire can be tragic”
Wrote The Orestria –tales of murder and revenge during the Trojan Wars
Shows how the gods can bring down even the greatest heroes
“Ashes from a fire can be tragic”

18. Sophocles Wrote Antigone and Oedipus
Antigone tells of a princess who sacrifices her own life to honor her slain brother
Explores the conflict between love and duty, honor and the law
The enduring story of Antigone—the Greek princess who braved the wrath of a king and sacrificed her own life to honor her slain brother—is retold here for contemporary readers.
Through the words of the blind prophet Teiresias, we watch the inevitable tragedy unfold as Antigone discovers that her brother, a rebel against the rule of their uncle Creon, has been murdered and his body left unburied. Torn between obligation to her uncle the king, love for her brother, and her deference to the gods, Antigone symbolizes the often tragic conflict between love and duty, honor and the law.
“Oedipus, son of Laius, King of Thebes, and of Jocasta, was exposed as an infant because an oracle had warned Laius that his still unborn child would be his father’s murderer... The action of the play consists in nothing other than the process of revealing, with cunning delays and ever mounting excitement that Oedipus himself is the murderer of Laius, but further that he is the son of the murdered man and of Jocasta. Appalled at the abomination which he has unwittingly perpetrated, Oedipus blinds himself and forsakes his home. The oracle has been fulfilled.
“It will be a tragedy if I don’t get to be a sophomore”

19. Greek Theater

20. Greek Historians Stressed the importance of research
Showed the need to avoid bias when recording history

21. “Herodotus told of heroes in history”
Father of History
Visited many lands to collect information
Wrote about the Persian Wars
“He wrote da his” or Herotodus. Not much is known about Herodotus' life. The only reliable source we have is the book he wrote, known as The Histories, and this remarkable text gives us some clues that enable us to sketch the outlines of its writer's life Greek historian. He was probably born at Halicarnassus, in Asia Minor, and resided in Athens and then in Thurii in S Italy. His travels covered a large part of the Persian empire. He is the author of the first great narrative history produced in the ancient world, the History of the Persian Wars. It is a unified artistic masterpiece, with many illuminating digressions and anecdotes skillfully worked into the narrative. Despite many inaccuracies, it remains the leading source of original information about the history of Greece between 550 and 479 BC, as well as that of much of W Asia and Egypt.
This is the report of the inquiry of Herodotus of Halicarnassus, presented so that the things done by men not lose their color in time, nor deeds great and marvellous, some brought forth by Greeks and some by foreigners, lose their renown, along with the rest of it, including particularly the reason they made war on each other.
“This is ….presented so that things done by men not lose their color in time, nor deeds great and marvelous, some bought forth by Greeks and some by foreigners, lose their renown”

22. Thucydides
Wrote about the Peloponnesian War
Tried to be fair to both sides
“He did it too”"I have written my work, not as an essay which is to win the applause of the moment, but as a possession for all time"
“I have written my work, not as an essay which is to win the applause of the moment, but as a possession for all time"

23. Athens and the Delian League
The Peloponnesian War
431BC to 404 BC
hoplites
Athens and the Delian League
Sparta and the
Peloponnesian League
vs.

24. Some Causes
An alliance of Greek city-states called the Delian League was formed to protect Greece from the Persians
As head of the Delian League, Athens became increasingly powerful and demanded tribute ($) from other city-states to fund it’s Navy.
Athens used the $ to rebuild grand temples on the Acropolis.
Sparta and some other states began to rebel and formed the Peloponnesian League.

25. Results of the Peloponnesian War
Sparta wins
Athens loses political power
Cultural advance is slowed
Greek defenses are weakened
The Golden Age of Greece was short lived. Athens and Sparta were both powerful poli, and each wanted to spread their way of life. Sparta attacked Athens in 431 BC, beginning the brutal 27 year long Peloponnesian War.
     One out four people in Athens died shortly after the war began, but not because they were defeated in battle. When Sparta attacked, the Athenian people crowded behind the walls of the city. The cramped and dirty living conditions were an easy target for disease. A plague, or great sickness, spread through the city. Sickness claimed the life of Percales, the leader of Athens. Once Percales died, the people began to listen to demagogues. Demagogues were bad leaders who appealed to people's emotions rather than logic.
    Sparta eventually defeated Athens by building blockade around the walls of the city. This is called a siege. The people of Athens could not leave to get supplies or food from the countryside. Faced with starvation, Athens surrendered to Sparta in 404 BC.
     The Peloponnesian robbed Athens of it's Golden Age. Great thinkers and teachers lived in Athens during and after the war but the era of support for new ideas and the spirit of democracy had passed.
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26. Athen’s Golden Age

27. Phillip II of Macedonia
Conquered Greece
Father of Alexander the Great
Philip II was king of Macedonia in the middle 300s and father of Alexander the Great. Philip adopted the improved hoplite phalanx from the Greeks, and he extended the length of spears used in battle from 8-10 feet to feet. Philip also created a type of royal court to keep local nobles busy. Macedonia had a long reputation of feuding nobles and the court kept these nobles occupied and out of the king's business. Philip continued to expand Macedonia's territory and eventually he began to push toward the Black Sea region. Philip wanted the gold mines in Thrace to use for paying soldiers, bribes and the like. However, the Black Sea region was also an important area for the Greeks because of the grain supply. There was some hostility between Philip and the Greeks, but in 346 they reached an agreement that each party would remain at its current boundaries. However, while the Greeks were waiting for the treaty to be ratified at home, Philip continued to expand his empire. In 341 Philip attacked Byzantium, and the Greeks in turn attacked him. Philip had to withdraw, but this event made him realize that he must deal with the Greek threat. So, in 338 he moved his army into Greece and was victorious over Athens and Thebes at the Battle of Chaeronea, and this marked the end of Greek independence until the 1820s. Philip invited all the Greek city-states to join the League of Corinth. All league members had to agree to stop meddling in the affairs of other city-states. Philip did this at least in part to create some measure of stability at home, because he was planning a campaign against the Persian Empire.

28. Alexander the Great Aristotle tutoring Alexander Adopted Greek Culture
Son of Phillip II
Adopted Greek Culture
Aristotle tutoring Alexander

29. Alexander’s Training

30. Conquered the Persians and established an Empire extending from Egypt to India(including Greece and Macedonia)

31. Spread Greek culture

32. Alexander’s Death
After 11 years of fighting, Alexander died due to an illness with fever
Three of his generals established dynasties which lasted until the rise of the Roman Empire

33. Alexander the Great

34. Hellenistic Age
The years of Greek influence following Alexander’s death and ending with the Roman conquest.

35. Blending of Greek (Hellenic) culture with Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences

36. Hellenistic culture spread through trade
Hellenistic Trade
Hellenistic culture spread through trade
King of Macedonia and one of the greatest generals in history. He conquered much of what was then the civilized world. Alexander brought Greek ideas and the Greek way of doing things to all the countries he conquered. This great general and king made possible the broadly developed culture of the Hellenistic Age. 
HIS BOYHOOD  Alexander was born in Pella, Macedonia, the son of Philip of Macedonia, who was an excellent general and organizer. His mother was Olympia, princess of Epirus.  She was brilliant and hot-tempered. Alexander inherited the best qualities of both his parents. But he was even more ambitious than his father. He wept bitterly when he heard of Philip's conquests and said, " My father will get ahead of me in everything, and will leave nothing great for me to do." Alexander's mother taught him that Achilles was his ancestor, and that his father was descended from Hercules. Alexander learned by heart the Iliad, a story about the deeds of Achilles. He carried a copy of the Iliad with him, and Achilles became Alexander's model . Even as a boy Alexander was fearless and strong. He tamed the beautiful and spirited Bucephalus, a horse that no one else dared to touch or ride. Later, this famous steed carried him as far as India, where it died. Alexander then built the city of Bucephala on the Hydaspes River in memory of his beloved horse. Philip was so proud of Alexander's power over the horse that he said, "O my son, seek out a kingdom worthy of thyself, for Macedonia is too little for thee." 
HIS YOUTH  When Alexander was 13 years old, he was taught by Aristotle.   He was always eager to learn. Aristotle inspired the talented youth with a great love for literature. He took part in sports and daily exercise to develop a strong body. Aristotle also inspired in Alexander a keen interest in other countries and races of people, and in animals and plants. Alexander's education was not all from books. He talked with ambassadors from many foreign countries, and with other noted persons at his father's court. When he was only 18, he commanded part of Philip's cavalry at the battle of Chaeronea. Alexander also acted as his father's ambassador to Athens.  Alexander was 20 when he became king of Macedonia. The Greek other states had grown restless under Macedonian rule. While Alexander was away making war on some barbarian tribes in the north, someone spread a story that he was dead. The people in the city of Thebes revolted and called upon the people of Athens to join them. Alexander soon appeared before Thebes with his army. His soldiers stormed the city. Every building in Thebes was destroyed, except the temples and the house of the poet Pindar. About 30,000 inhabitants were sold into slavery. Alexander's action broke the spirit of rebellion in the other Greek states.  ALEXANDER'S EXPEDITION MAP
CONQUEST OF PERSIA  The ambitious young king then turned his thoughts to conquering Persia. This had been part of his father's plan before him. He crossed the Hellespont with an army of 35,000 soldiers in the spring of 334 B.C. He had very little money, and gambled on a quick victory. The Persians met him on the banks of the Granicus River.  Alexander stormed across the river with his cavalry. This victory opened all Asia Minor to him. Only Halicarnassus withstood a long siege.
In 333 B.C., Alexander became seriously ill. But he recovered and marched along the coast into Syria. The king of Persia, Darius III, raised a large army. He fortified a riverbank near Issus behind Alexander. Alexander turned north and routed the Greek and Persian heavy infantry with his phalanx. He captured the king's camp, including Dario's' wife and mother. His gallantry toward them was his finest act. Alexander then marched south into Phoenicia and captured Tyre after a seven-month siege. The city was on an island, but Alexander built a causeway out to it, so that it is now a peninsula. About 8,000 Tyrians were slain and 30,000 sold into slavery. Alexander's victory over Tyre is sometimes considered his greatest military achievement. The whole region then submitted to him except Gaza, where a brave Persian governor resisted for three months. Gaza eventually suffered the same fate as Tyre. 
Alexander next went to Egypt. The Egyptians welcomed him as a deliverer, because they hated their harsh Persian rulers. Alexander founded a city on a strip of land between Lake Mareotis and the Mediterranean Sea. This city, Alexandria, became a world center of commerce and learning. While it was being built, Alexander made the long, dangerous march to the temple and oracle of Zeus-Ammon, in the Libyan desert. Alexander was told that he was the son of the god and would conquer the world. 
THE BATTLE OF ARBELA  Alexander turned again to the Persian front in 331 B.C. Darius had collected an enormous army, including the famous heavy cavalry of the Iranian steppe, and many chariots with scythe like knives protruding from the wheels. The Persians smoothed and cleared a vast level plain near Arbela, east of the Tigris River. The Persian cavalry outflanked Alexander's left and captured his camp. But, with a charge which he led himself, Alexander routed Darius, and the Persian Army retired to the east. The battle of Arbela is also known as the Battle of Gaugamela. It is considered on of the most decisive battles in history. 
The city of Babylon surrendered, and Alexander easily captured the Persian cities of Susa and Persepolis. These cities yielded him vast treasures of gold and silver. All the inhabitants of Persepolis were either killed or sold into slavery. Alexander burned Persepolis in revenge for the Persian burning of Athens in 480 B.C.  
Alexander crossed the Zagros Mountains into Media in 330 B.C. Darius had fled there, and was soon afterward killed by his own nobles. His death left Alexander king of Asia. He marched on, against only local opposition from tribes people, and occupied the southern shore of the Caspian Sea. Continuing to the east, he set up Iranian nobles as new local governors, but they revolted after he left. Alexander swung south into Arachosia (southeast Persia) and then north into Afghanistan, founding cities to serve as garrisons and centers of administration. He entered Bactria and Sogdiana, behind the Hindu Kush mountain range, and marched as far as the Jaxartes River. It took two years to pacify the region. Alexander married Roxane, the daughter of a Sogdian baron. In Sogdiana, Alexander lost his temper and killed a close friend, Clitus, in a drunken quarrel. This cost him the sympathy of his Macedonian troops. There were plots against his life, and he executed several prominent people. 
VICTORY IN INDIA  Alexander reinforced his troops with Iranians and reached the rich plains of India in 326 B.C. He defeated an Indian prince, Porus, in this region (now part of Pakistan) and planned to march to the Ganges River. But his army mutinied. Alexander then sailed down the Indus River to its mouth, and led his army west across the terrible desert of Gedrosia, in present-day Pakistan and Iran. His fleet under Nearchus sailed along the coast to the Persian Gulf. Both the army and the fleet returned together to Susa. 
Alexander then became busy with the organization and administration of his empire. At the height of his power, his realm stretched from the Ionian Sea to northern India. He planned to make Asia and Europe one country and combine the best of the East with the West. He chose Babylon as his capital city. 
To achieve his goal, Alexander encouraged intermarriages, setting an example by marrying a Persian princess himself. He placed soldiers from all the provinces in his army. He introduced a uniform currency system throughout the empire and promoted trade and commerce. He encouraged the spread of Greek ideas, customs, and laws into Asia. When he heard that some of his provincial officials ruled unjustly, he replaced them. To receive recognition as the supreme ruler, he required the provinces to worship him as a god. 
HIS DEATH Alexander had vast plans, including his governmental reorganization and an expedition to Arabia. But he was taken seriously ill with malaria at Babylon. The simple remedies of the day did not help him. He died on June 13, 323 B.C. His body was placed in a gold coffin and taken to Memphis, in Egypt. Later it was carried to Alexandria, and placed in a beautiful tomb. 
Alexander left no choice for a successor. His only son, Alexander IV, was born after Alexander's death. As a result, Alexander's leading generals became governors of various areas and fought among themselves for control of the Empire. But no single leader emerged, and by 311 B.C. the empire split into independent states or monarchies. 
Hellenistic Trade Routes

37. Alexander’s Legacy: The Hellenistic Age

38. Advances art, architecture, philosophy, mathematics and science

39. Greek Mathematicians Pythagoras and Euclid
“Pythagoras and Euclid thought math was not stupid”

40. Pythagoras
Pythagorean Theorem: formula used to calculate the relationship between the sides of a right triangle

41. Euclid The Father of Geometry Wrote The Elements
His work is still the basis for modern courses in geometry
Greek geometer who wrote the Elements , the world's most definitive text on geometry. The book synthesized earlier knowledge about geometry, and was used for centuries in western Europe as a geometry textbook. The text began with definitions, postulates ("Euclid's postulates "), and common opinions, then proceeded to obtain results by rigorous geometric proof. Euclid also proved what is generally known as Euclid's second theorem: the number of primes is infinite. The beautiful proof Euclid gave of this theorem is still a gem and is generally acknowledged to be one of the "classic" proofs of all times in terms of its conciseness and clarity. In the Elements , Euclid used the method of exhaustion and reductio ad absurdum. He also discussed the so-called Euclidean algorithm for finding the greatest common divisor of two numbers, and is credited with the well-known proof of the Pythagorean theorem.

42. Greek Scientists Hippocrates and Archimedes Medicine
Physics and geometry

43. Hippocrates The Father of Medicine
Wrote the “Hippocratic Oath,” which is still used by doctors today.
Refused to use the gods to explain illness
Stressed the importance of observation, diagnosis and treatment
Hippocrates (c BC)
Hippocrates treating a patient Many figures in the Ancient World are a product of fact and mythology. But by about 400BC, as Greek civilisation developed and reading and writing became increasingly important, notable scientists, mathematicians and writers began to be identified. One of these was Hippocrates.
Who was Hippocrates? Hippocrates was a doctor who worked on the Greek island of Cos. He is regarded as the 'Father of Medicine' because his followers wrote over 60 medical books covering a wide range of medical topics including gynaecology, head wounds and diseases. He also founded a medical school on Cos.
What was his contribution to medicine? Hippocrates developed a new approach to medicine by refusing to use gods to explain illnesses and disease. This meant that medicine came to be seen as a science rather than a religion. Hippocrates stressed the importance of observation, diagnosis and treatment and developed the theory of the body having four humours; black bile, yellow bile, phlegm and blood. Illness occurred, he believed, if one of these humours was out of balance and the body therefore contained too much or too little of it.
How did he change medicine? Hippocrates stressed the importance of fresh air, a good diet and plenty of exercise to help the body heal itself. All of Hippocrates's students had to follow a strict ethical code that governed their behaviour as doctors. Students swore that they would maintain patient confidentiality and never deliberately poison a patient. Even today, doctors entering the profession can still choose to swear the Hippocratic oath. This oath was an attempt to place doctors on a higher footing than other healers and set them apart as specialists.
How important was Hippocrates? Hippocrate's ideas were a strange mixture of commonsense and factual inaccuracies. His suggestions about diet and exercise are as valid today as they were 2,400 years ago, as was his use of observation. However, his belief in the Four Humours was completely wrong. Strangely enough, this theory lasted until the 17th century, but the importance of exercise and diet was forgotten after the Romans! Hippocrates's most important contributions were in the development of the medical profession and in a code of conduct for doctors.
I SWEAR by Apollo the physician and AEsculapius, and Health, and All-heal, and all the gods and goddesses, that, according to my ability and judgment, I will keep this Oath and this stipulation -- to reckon him who taught me this Art equally dear to me as my parents, to share my substance with him, and relieve his necessities if required; to look upon his offspring in the same footing as my own brothers, and to teach them this art, if they shall wish to learn it, without fee or stipulation; and that by precept, lecture, and every other mode of instruction, I will impart a knowledge of the Art to my own sons, and those of my teachers, and to disciples bound by a stipulation and oath according to the law of medicine, but to none others. I will follow that system of regimen which, according to my ability and judgement, I consider for the benefit of my patients, and abstain from whatever is deleterious and mischievous. I will give no deadly medicine to any one if asked, nor suggest any such counsel; and in like manner I will not give to a woman a pessary to produce abortion. With purity and with holiness I will pass my life and practice my Art. I will not cut persons labouring under the stone, but will leave this to be done by men who are practitioners of this work. Into whatever houses I enter, I will go into them for the benefit of the sick, and will abstain from every voluntary act of mischief and corruption; and, further, from the seduction of females or males, of freemen and slaves. Whatever, in connection with my professional service, or not in connection with it, I see or hear, in the life of men, which ought not to be spoken of abroad, I will not divulge, as reckoning that all such should be kept secret. While I continue to keep this Oath Unviolated, may it be granted to me to enjoy life and the practice of the art, respected by all men, in all times. But should I trespass and violate this Oath, may the reverse be my lot. Oath of Hippocrates

44. Archimedes
Invented many practical devices including the lever and pulley, the screw, and the catapult
"Give me a lever long enough and a place to stand and I will move the earth." Although he lived more than 2,000 years ago, Archimedes, a Greek philosopher and mathematician ( B.C.) is still regarded as one of the greatest physical scientists of all time. Perhaps you have heard the story of the King's crown. It is told that, while talking a bath, he discovered a method for figuring out whether the crown had been made of pure gold or a cheaper metal. Archimedes was so excited about his discovery, he ran straight from the tub through the streets shouting, "Eureka!" We now call his discovery Archimedes' Principle, which states that an object placed in a fluid is buoyed upward by a force equal in weight to the fluid displaced (pushed out of the way) by the object.
Archimedes was a famous mathematician whose theorems and philosophies became world known. He gained a reputation in his own time which few other mathematicians of this period achieved. He is considered by most historians of mathematics as one of the greatest mathematicians of all time. He discovered pi.
Most of the facts about his life come from a biography about the Roman soldier Marcellus written by the Roman biographer Plutarch.
He was best known for his discovery of the relation between the surface and volume of a sphere and its circumscribing cyclinder, for his formulation of a hydrostatic principle Archimedes' principle and for inventing the Archimedes screw (a device for raising water). Archimedes Principal states: an object immersed in a fluid experiences a buoyant force that is equal in magnitude to the force of gravity on the displaced fluid.
He also invented things such as the hydraulic screw - for raising water from a lower to a higher level, catapult, the lever, the compound pulley and the burning mirror.
In mechanics Archimedes discovered fundamental theorems concerning the centre of gravity of plane figures and solids.
Archimedes probably spent some time in Egypt early in his career, but he resided for most of his life in Syracuse, the principal city-state in Sicily, where he was on intimate terms with its king, Hieron II. Archimedes published his works in the form of correspondence with the principal mathematicians of his time, including the Alexandrian scholars Conon of Samos and Eratosthenes of Cyrene.
He played an important role in the defense of Syracuse against the siege laid by the Romans in 213 BC by constructing war machines so effective that they long delayed the capture of the city. But Syracuse was eventually captured by the Roman general Marcus Claudius Marcellus in the autumn of 212 or spring of 211 BC, and Archimedes was killed in the sack of the city.
According to Plutarch, Archimedes had so low an opinion of the kind of practical invention at which he excelled and to which he owed his contemporary fame that he left no written work on such subjects. While it is true that--apart from a dubious reference to a treatise, "On Sphere-Making"--all of his known works were of a theoretical character, nevertheless his interest in mechanics deeply influenced his mathematical thinking. Not only did he write works on theoretical mechanics and hydrostatics, but his treatise Method Concerning Mechanical Theorems shows that he used mechanical reasoning as a heuristic device for the discovery of new mathematical theorems.
“Give me a lever long enough and a place to stand and I will move the earth."

45. Pythagoras, Euclid, and Archimedes

46. Influence of Ancient Greece