1. Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

2. Comparison of Gas Exchange Systems

3. 6 mechanisms for gas exchange pg 916-918 1. Diffusion through cell membrane – Ex: Single Cell 2. Diffusion through skin – Ex: Earthworm 3. Papillae- Increased folds in skin – Ex: Echinoderms 4. Spiracles and tracheae – Ex: Insects 5. Gills – Ex: Fish 6. Alveoli of Lungs – Ex: Mammals

5. Figure 42.22 Gills are Shown In Pink Parapodium (functions as gill) (a) Marine worm (b) Crayfish Gills Tube foot (c) Sea star Coelom

6. Tracheoles Mitochondria Muscle fiber 2.5  m Tracheae Air sacs External opening Trachea Air sac Tracheole Body cell Air Figure 42.24

7. Comparison of Circulatory Systems

9. What is transported in blood? Oxygen-carried on hemoglobin CO 2 – carried in plasma and in rbc Nutrients (glucose, proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins) Ions and minerals (calcium, Na, K, Fe, etc) Hormones Non- nutrient proteins (albumin for osmoregulation, remember osmolarity?)

10. Draw simple representations of these systems. and crocodile (not alligator) Page 900-902

11. Comparison of Vertebrate Hearts Read Captions on Page 901 Fish has only 1 circuit Amphibian has 2 circuits, but only 1 ventricle. There is some mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood (3 chambers) Reptiles generally have partially divided ventricle (3 + chambers) Mammals, birds and crocodiles have fully divided ventricle (4 chambers)

12. Oxygen Delivery Activity Need participants to be blood. (5- in a class of 25) The rest of the class are cells from various body tissues (leg muscle, brain, stomach, heart, etc) Must have oxygen to function. Blood will deliver oxygen (beans) to hungry cells. Tissue cells will place one oxygen into the waste cup every 30 seconds as they metabolize. (This will change as different tissue becomes active). Each blood cell will circulate, delivering O 2.

13. Tips for O 2 Delivery Activity Give groups of students tissue assignments: – Skeletal muscle, digestive system, brain As a certain tissue become more active, use beans at a rate of every 15 seconds. Clear the aisles (Use clock- 30 seconds is every time second hand reaches 12 and 6; for 15 seconds its every 3,6,9 and 12).

14. Questions How many oxygen (beans) can be in each blood cell (red cup)? How could we simulate exercise? How can we simulate that some tissues are working harder than others at various times? How could we simulate pregnancy? How does blood flow change when the tissues are more active.

15. Respiratory System

16. Organs of the Respiratory system Slide 13.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Nose  Pharynx  Larynx  Trachea  Bronchi  Lungs – alveoli Figure 13.1

17. Composition of Air Nitrogen- ~ 79% Oxygen- ~ 21% Carbon Dioxide- 0.03% At sea level, air has a pressure of 760 mmHg: – P N 2 - 760 mmHg x 79%= ~ 600 mmHg – P O 2 - 760 mmHg x 21% ~ 160 mmHg – P CO 2 - 760 mmHg x 0.03% ~ 0.2 mmHg

18. What happens to the air pressure, and thus the O 2 available, as one climbs a mountain? See Figure 44.2 What is the pO2 at the peak of Mount Whitney? Mt Everest?

20. Gas and Temperature Exchange Counter Current Exchange/ Concurrent Exchange Let’s find out which is more efficient… (see page 917)

21. Ventilation moves the respiratory medium over the respiratory surface Aquatic animals move through water or move water over their gills for ventilation Fish gills use a countercurrent exchange system, where blood flows in the opposite direction to water passing over the gills; blood is always less saturated with O 2 than the water it meets © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

22. Figure 42.23 Gill arch O 2 -poor blood O 2 -rich blood Blood vessels Gill arch Operculum Water flow Water flow Blood flow Countercurrent exchange P O (mm Hg) in water 2 150 P O (mm Hg) in blood 2 120906030 140110805020 Net diffu- sion of O 2 Lamella Gill filaments

23. Concurrent Exchange

25. Figure 42.23 Gill arch O 2 -poor blood O 2 -rich blood Blood vessels Gill arch Operculum Water flow Water flow Blood flow Countercurrent exchange P O (mm Hg) in water 2 150 P O (mm Hg) in blood 2 120906030 140110805020 Net diffu- sion of O 2 Lamella Gill filaments

26. Which system is more efficient?

27. Fig. 44.04(TE Art) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Artery Cold blood Warm blood Capillary bed Veins 5˚C Temperature of environment Core body Temperature 36˚C Artery

28. Fick’s Law Pair and Share: List the factors that determine how much heat, gas or molecules can diffuse into blood cells from the lungs. (can you think of three things?) Distance for diffusion (d), Concentration Gradient (Δp), Area over Which Diffusion Takes Place (A) (and the Diffusion Constant) Try to write an Equation for R- Rate of Diffusion

29. Fick’s Law R= D A Δp d R= Rate of Diffusion D= Diffusion Constant A= Area Δp= difference in concentration d = distance across which diffusion takes place

30. Why do birds have unique respiratory needs? What did we learn in this presentation?

31. Fig. 44.26(TE Art) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Trachea Anterior air sacs Lung Posterior air sacs Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Expiration Inspiration Expiration Posterior air sacs Anterior air sacs Parabronchi of lung Trachea

32. Describe hemoglobin 4 polypeptide chains Each chain has an iron containing heme group that can bind to one oxygen molecule. Hemoglobin increases the carrying capacity of blood from 3 mL/ L to 200mL/ L of blood plasma. Found in: Annelids, mollusks, echinoderms, flatworms, some protists. ALL VERTEBRATES

34. The brain regulates breathing rate What brain part regulates breathing? Medulla oblongata The chemoreceptors in the medulla detect falling pH that corresponds to CO 2 accumulation.

35. Fig. 44.29(TE Art) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Capillary blood Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Medulla oblongata Signal to respiratory system Chemo sensitive neuron CO 2 H 2 O + CO 2 H 2 CO 3 H + + HCO 3 - Choroid plexus of brain

36. Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve As shown in our activity, hemoglobin needs to release more oxygen in areas which are more active. When leaving the lungs, hemoglobin holds tightly to its oxygen. As it gets to active tissue, it tends to release O2. This is shown on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.

37. Figure 42.31 2 (a) P O and hemoglobin dissociation at pH 7.4 Tissues during exercise Tissues at rest Lungs P O (mm Hg) 2 (b) pH and hemoglobin dissociation P O (mm Hg) 2 020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100 020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100 Hemoglobin retains less O 2 at lower pH (higher CO 2 concentration) pH 7.2 pH 7.4 O 2 unloaded to tissues during exercise O 2 saturation of hemoglobin (%) O 2 unloaded to tissues at rest O 2 saturation of hemoglobin (%)

38. (b) pH and hemoglobin dissociation P O (mm Hg) 2 020406080100 0 20 40 60 80 100 Hemoglobin retains less O 2 at lower pH (higher CO 2 concentration) pH 7.2 pH 7.4 O 2 saturation of hemoglobin (%) Figure 42.31b Before Exercise

39. This curve shifts to the right in more active muscle and in warmer muscle. The reverse is also true. The Oxygen Dissociation Curve

40. CO 2 transport in blood Blood cells have no nucleus nor organelles to maximize gas carrying capacity. 70 % of CO 2 is buffered and becomes bicarbonate in the plasma (blood buffering system) 20 % is bound to Hb 8% is simply dissolved C0 2 in plasma

42. Hormones involved in Circulation Antidiuretic hormone- (ADH aka Vasopressin) (anti pee hormone) – Responds to dehydration – Causes higher concentration of urine – Causes thirst – Raises Blood Pressure (BP) Aldosterone – Responds to dehydration and low blood volume – Retains Na+ and water, maintains blood osmolarity – Raises BP

43. …Hormones involved in Circulation Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) – Na + secretion – Increases urination – Lowers BP – Gets its name for its response to stretch in the atrium Nitric oxide (NO) gas – Vasodilator- Dilates blood vessels – Lowers BP