1. DNA and Chromosomes

2. DNA, Chromosome
Centromere, telomere, replication origin
Nucleosome, Chromatin,
Histone: H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4
Histone octamer, DNA packaging
DNA binding proteins, Histone modifications

3. Lampbrush chromosomes (amphibian oocyte)

4. A model for the structure of a lampbrush chromosome

5. A polytene chromosome from Drosophila salivary gland

6. Electron Microscope image of Drosophila polytene chromosome

7. Chromosome puffs

8. RNA synthesis in Chromosome puffs
Red: newly synthesized BrUTP; Blue: old ones diffused

9. A model for the structure of an interphase chromosome

10. Position Effects on Gene Expression Heterochromatin: condensed
Euchromatin: loose

11. Sir: Silent information regulator
Speculative Model for the heterochromatin at the ends of yeast chromosomes
Sir: Silent information regulator

13. Two speculative models for how the tight packaging of DNA in heterochromatin can be inherited during chromosome replication

15. The specialized nucleosome formed on centromeres

16. The structure of a human centromere

17. The plasticity of human centromere formation

19. A typical mitotic chromosome at metaphase

20. SEM of a region near one end of a typical mitotic chromosome

21. EM of a mitotic chromosome

22. Chromatin Packing

23. The SMC proteins in condensins

24. Selective painting of two interphase chromosomes

25. Mechanical Support? Nuclear envolope

26. DNA Replication, Repair, and Recombination

27. DNA replication

28. The Chemistry of DNA replication

29. DNA Synthesis by DNA polymerase

30. DNA Polymerase

31. DNA replication with two forks

32. This Doesn’t Work!

33. DNA replication Fork

34. DNA Proofreading

35. DNA Proofreading Pairing
Un-Paired nucleotide is easier to be off before covalent ligation, after binding.
Exonucleotic proofreading
Strand directed mismatch repair

36. Structures of DNA polymerase during polymerizing and editing

37. Why 5’->3’?

38. DNA Primer synthesis

39. DNA Replication at the Lagging strand

40. DNA Ligase

41. DNA Helicase

43. SSB: Single Strand DNA-binding Proteins

44. SSB Proteins

45. DNA Clamping Protein

47. Cycle of DNA Polymerase/Clamping Protein loading and unloading
At the lagging strand

48. Proteins for DNA replication

49. A Moving Replication

50. Structure of the Moving Complex

51. Site-directed mismatch repair

52. DNA winding

53. DNA topoisomerase I

54. DNA topoisomerase II

55. DNA topoisomerase II

56. Mammalian replication Fork

57. Summary DNA replication 5’->3’
Lagging strand, back-stitching, Okazaki fragment
Proteins involved:
DNA polymerase, primase
DNA helicase and single-strand DNA-binding protein (SSB)
DNA ligase, and enzyme to degrade RNA
DNA topoisomerases

58. DNA Replication in Chromosome

59. DNA replication in Bacterial Genome

60. Initiating Proteins for DNA replication

61. Regulation for DNA replication

62. Measuring DNA replication

63. ARS: autonomously replicating sequence
DNA replication
ARS: autonomously replicating sequence

64. Multiple Origins of replication

65. Histone remains associated with DNA
In vitro experiments

66. Addition of new histones

68. Telomerase Structure

69. Telomerase and its function

70. T-loops at the end of mammalian chromosomes

71. Spontaneous Alterations of nucleotides
Red: oxidative damage; blue: hydrolytic attack; green: methylation

72. Depurination and deamination

73. Thymine dimer

74. Mutation Generation

75. Mutation Generation