1. Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change Stearns, Chapter 22 or 28 Janet R. Martin W.T. Woodson HS Janet.Martin@fcps.edu

2. 1500s Europeans arrive in East & Southeast Asia Asia not much affected at first  China & Japan strong enough to resist http://home.planet.nl/~eljee/J.htm

3. Vasco da Gama 1498 voyage to India  Opened the way east for Europeans Europe had little to trade Asians not interested in Christianity http://college.hmco.com/history/west/mosaic/chapter9/images/vasco_da_gama.jpg

4. Limits to European success Sea power allowed:  Control of spice exports  Regulation of some areas in Asian trade network  Europe participation, not control  Tribute regimes http://www.thegutsygourmet.net/post-spice.jpg

5. Portuguese empire http://geography.ucdavis.edu/njrallan/class/geo10/slides/images/Geo10-124_jpg.jpg

6. Dutch trading empire, 1650 http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/brummett_awl/chapter20/medialib/thumbs/ch20_378.html

7. Overall, South & Southeast Asia  Europeans stronger,  But most Asians kept control East Asia  Ming China & Tokugawa Japan dominant

8. Japan Governed since 1100s by shogunates  Military governments 1300-early 1400s  Order breaking down  Independent feudal states in conflict

9. Nobunaga (1534-1582) One of first daimyos  Innovative & fierce  Extensive use of firearms After his defeat, his generals gained control of Japan Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598) http://www.wicknet.org/history/togden/Chapters/Chapter%208%20and%209/Chapters%208%20and%209%20Pictures/hideyoshi.jpg

10. Toyotomi Hideyoshi Attacks Korea 1592, 1597 Defeated by Admiral Yi Sun- Sin “Turtle Boats”  First ironclad warships http://www.pennfamily.org/KSS-USA/690428-621.htm

11. Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616) 1 st of 15 Tokugawa shoguns 1603  Capital at Edo (Tokyo)  Brought all daimyos under his authority  Civil wars ended http://samourais.free.fr/S_HistoireJapon.html

12. “The nightingale does not sing!” Nobunaga  “We will kill it.” Toyotomi Hideyoshi  “We will wait.” Tokugawa Ieyasu  “We will teach it.” http://www.uccash.com/graphics.htm

13. Edo castle http://dougukan.jp/B24.html

14. Tokugawa years Great Peace through dictatorship Monopoly on gunpowder technology Rigid class system http://www.hogaku.it/storia/azuchi_momoyama/map2.gif

15. Restricted Europeans’ access to Japan 1500s: Portuguese, Spanish Dutch arrived Traders & missionaries  Francis Xavier By 1614, up to 300,000 converts  10% of population  http://www.frontpagemag.com/articles/Printable.asp?ID=3993 http://www.kostecki.de/en/chegada.htm “Portuguese arrive in Japan” Thomas Kostecki

16. Shoguns distrusted Christianity Restrictions began 1580s  Missionaries ordered to leave  1590s persecution began  Banned 1614 http://cue.stanford.edu/journal/entry.cgi?index=382 Monument to Nagasaki martyrs

17. 1649 Japan closed to foreigners By 1630s, Japanese ships forbidden to sail overseas Only Nagasaki open to foreign merchants  Dutch post on Deshima Island Western books banned http://www.hendrick-hamel.henny-savenije.pe.kr/images/deshima.jpg

18. Shogunate’s accomplishments Peace restored Population grew Roads, canals, internal economy grew Tokugawas dynamic through mid-1700s  Inflexibility  Mid-1800s: Japan forced open by foreign powers (U.S. Commodore Perry)  Tokugawa rule ended 1868

19. Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 Ruled world’s most populous state Restored ethnic Chinese rule after 400 years’ foreign domination http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/

20. Founder Zhu Yuanzhang  Peasant origins  Buddhist monk Military commander in revolt against Mongols Became Hongwu emperor  Laws favorable to peasants http://www.paulnoll.com/China/Dynasty/history-Ming-emperors.html

21. Hall of Harmony http://www.historywiz.com/forbiddencity.htm

22. Dragon throne http://www.historywiz.com/qing.htm

23. Peak of cultural grandeur & elegance Confucianism revived Civil service exams reinstated, expanded Return to scholar-gentry dominance Kaifeng Zhuxi (Neoconfucian)

24. Foreign relations: Most dynamic dynasty 1300s-1400s: active in conquering neighbors Population growth based on new American crops  Corn  Potato  Sweet potato  (Cotton) Ming peasant with wheelbarrow

25. Great Wall Final & lasting reconstruction Built last 1000 kilometers http://www.free-beauty-tips.com/bw3.html

26. Culture Principal strength in 1500s-1600s Art & literature  Novels Silk Porcelain http://www.jozan.net/Artikelbilleder/MTA2003/Textile17ct-Ming-noah1_gr.jpg

27. Ming porcelain Emperors were biggest customers Prized by wealthy across Eurasia Rougher, more durable pieces sold to foreigners  For silver  American silver gave Europeans much greater access to Chinese markets

28. Europeans began arriving Portuguese, then Spanish China was too big to conquer  Established trading houses Chinese image of 18 th -century European sailor

29. Matteo Ricci Jesuit priest & scholar  Respected by Chinese Traveled in China  1583-1610  Adopted Chinese dress  Learned language Appointed court mathematician & astronomer Little success in spreading Christianity

30. Voyages of discovery Zheng He Mongol, eunuch 7 naval voyages, 1405-1433

31. 7 Voyages of Zheng He http://www1.cs.columbia.edu/~tliu/chinese/zhenghe.html

32. Zhenghe’s fleet 1 st expedition:  62 large ships  200 smaller ships  28000 men

33. Compared to Europeans Zheng He’s ships 400 feet long Santa Maria 85 feet

34. Why did they stop? Interesting but not practical  Giraffes, zebras Glamorous but expensive Analogy: US cut back space program

35. Chinese/European point of view Chinese:  Emperor: curious, ambitious  Merchants opposed—China is rich already  Scholar gentry opposed waste of money threat to their power Confucian bias against merchants & trade Europeans: wide support  Increase national & personal wealth, power  Spread Christianity

36. Fall of Ming Poor leadership Internal corruption Peasant revolts Manchu (Northern nomads) invaded  Founded Qing dynasty http://www.regenttour.com/china/history/qing.htm

37. Qing Dynasty 1644-1912 Last dynasty  Kangxi Emperor 1654-1722