2. Neolithic / Agricultural Revolution Started about 12,000 years ago Deliberate cultivation of plants Domestication of animals - deliberate breeding of animals Too many people for hunting + gathering

3. Agricultural Beginnings Happened independently in several regions All happened 12,000-4,000 years ago Scholars still debate today as “why” this occurred Women probably began agriculture Men domesticated animals Population increase created a need for innovation New technology – sickles, baskets

4. Early Farming

5. The Fertile Crescent First to have a “full” agricultural revolution - several plants and animals domesticated - large population New Technology - mud bricks, monuments and shrines, more elaborate burials, more sophisticated tools

6. The Fertile Crescent

7. Eastern Sahara (Sudan) More hospitable climate 10,000-5,000 years ago First domestication of cattle Africa was the only place to domesticate animals before plants Less production of agriculture compared to Middle East - yams, oil palm trees, okra, and the kola nut in West Africa

8. Bedouin Caravans

9. The Americas Absence of animals available for domestication - only animal domesticated - llama/alpaca - lack of protein, manure, power of large animals Agricultural revolution in Americas – 3500 years ago Cultural diffusion was more difficult in Americas North/South as opposed to East/West travel

10. The Culture of Agriculture Population - 10,000 years ago: around 6 million - 5,000 years ago: around 50 million - Year 1CE: around 250 million people - Today: 6.2 Billion Didn’t improve quality of life for most people - Harder Work, longer hours - epidemics: living close to animals - famine: dependence on 1 or 2 crops Technology: pots, textiles, eventually metallurgy

11. Pastoral Societies Agriculture /difficult = more reliance on animals Pastoral Nomads - Central Asia, Saharan Africa, Arabian Peninsula Horses domesticated in Central Asia 4000BCE Camels allowed pastoralism in Asia/Africa No pastoral societies emerged in Americas

12. Pastoral Nomads

13. Agricultural Village Societies Çatalhüyük, in southern Turkey - dead buried under houses w/ items - men hunted, women worked in agriculture - no streets, people moved on roof tops Usually organized by kinship groups Sometimes modest social inequality

14. Chiefdoms Inherit positions of power Seldom use force to maintain rule Collected tribute and redistributed to the people Chiefs had religious and secular power - organized for war, economic controls, solve internal disputes