1. Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health DR. Amjad Fathi El-Shanti MD,NPH,DR PH University of Palestine 2016

2. The most important ways that infectious diseases are affected by globalization include: 1.Increased Global Travel 2.Increased Trade in Goods 3.Food-borne Illnesses 4.Urbanization 5.Climate Change 6.Other Environmental Concerns 7.Microbial Drug Resistance 8.Breakdowns in Public Health Systems

3. 8-Breakdowns in Public Health Systems Small changes in the level of preventative care or treatment that is provided by Public Health systems can combine with other disruptions in the environment or social conditions to create the necessary environment for the explosion of certain diseases.

4. 8-Breakdowns in Public Health Systems The growth of shantytowns, squalid living conditions, and inadequate health care services are all conducive to epidemics. Even more dramatically, the disruptions caused by wars, civil disturbances, or economic collapses can lead to the erosion of the public health system.

5. 8-Breakdowns in Public Health Systems The most deadly epidemic of the 20th century was the influenza outbreak of 1918, which was fueled by effects relating to World War I. The war led to the concentration of hundreds of thousands of troops in trenches, barracks, and hospitals, many of whom suffered malnutrition and other diseases due to the privations of the fighting. Taken together, these factors formed a combustible mixture that fueled a worldwide epidemic that killed 20 million people.

6. 8-Breakdowns in Public Health Systems Health conditions in Russia today are among the greatest concerns of international epidemiologists, where unstable political conditions, severe pollution, large migrations of people and serious economic disruption have accompanied a collapse of the public health system, leading to many new serious epidemics.

7. 8-Breakdowns in Public Health Systems One of the most serious criticisms of globalization pertaining to public health is the allegation that international financial institutions have, in some instances, put economic priorities ahead of public health concerns. Accordingly globalization has augmented the necessity for governmental budgetary oversight, which can cause substantial cuts in public health expenditures. In the end, this process sometimes fails to prove economical prudent, as costs increase in the end and general health declines.

8. 8-Breakdowns in Public Health Systems In many cases, the disputes are over short-term versus long-term economic consequences. For instance, a nation’s inability to control inflation – which is often caused by too much government spending – can have serious consequences for its long- term growth potential. And the best way to ensure a nation’s long-term health is to promote economic prosperity, raising income levels and living standards.

9. 8-Breakdowns in Public Health Systems The question often boils down to the specific areas in which the governments in question choose to slash their budgets—for instance, on preventative care versus treatment. The matter is sure to remain one of the most sensitive controversies about health and globalization.

10. The Global Public Health System

11. Many international public health professionals believe that the response to global health concerns must be a stronger global public health system. They argue that we must build more effective networks that can respond to outbreaks of disease, disseminate knowledge, improve general living standards, and support research and treatment methods.

12. In particular, international public health officials have identified the need for action on several fronts to respond to global health concerns: 1.Surveillance 2.Immunization 3.Research 4.Improved sanitation and living conditions 5.Price of drugs

13. 1.Surveillance This refers to the development of systems to detect, monitor, and track the appearance of new diseases and the spread of existing ones. Proper surveillance requires spending on laboratories to help diagnose illnesses, and communications equipment and networks to ensure that information is being both distributed and analyzed.

14. International public health officials speak of the need to create a comprehensive global surveillance system, connecting doctors and research facilities around the world, so that they might better be able to identify outbreaks of disease. This would enable medical practitioners to begin vaccinations, or other preventative measures to stop epidemics in the early stages. 1.Surveillance

15. 2. Immunization The cost savings of immunization programs can be remarkable. Every dollar spent preventing a disease often returns itself many times over in the savings on treatment and lost economic productivity.

16. The development of integrated public health systems that could efficiently provide immunization coverage to the entire world would be an investment with enormous returns. It is possible that such a system could even succeed in eradicating some diseases entirely. 2. Immunization

17. 3. Research Increased spending on ways to treat and identify diseases will be essential to meeting the international public health challenges of the future. As diseases inevitably develop resistance to medicines, new treatments must constantly be developed.

18. 3. Research Unfortunately, diseases that are endemic to developing countries currently receive the least funding. Of the $56 billion currently spent on global health research, less than 10 percent of that funding goes to the illnesses that comprise 90 percent of the world’s total disease burden (Kassalow). International public health expenditure must therefore help reverse this trend.

19. 4. Improved sanitation and living conditions Basic expenditures by developing countries on public health infrastructure—which can include improved nutrition and food safety testing, increased access to safe water, and proper sewage disposal—can yield enormous savings.

20. 5. Price of drugs As stated in the above sections, there is often a severe disparity between needs and resources on international public health issues. This dichotomy is certainly true concerning the availability of drugs used to treat infectious disease.

21. 5. Price of drugs Part of the problem is that pharmaceutical manufacturers do not profit from investing research money on diseases that affect developing countries. Because few people in these countries can afford to pay the prices for the medications that would allow the companies to recoup their research costs, pharmaceuticals do not have a large incentive to explore those avenues. And when treatment drugs have been invented, there is serious controversy over the prices that developing countries must pay for those drugs, while still preserving the profit incentives of the researcher companies.

22. 5. Price of drugs In 2003, the World Trade Organization adopted an intellectual property agreement that allows developing countries to produce some patented drugs at cheaper prices, provided they are sold only in other developing countries, and further affirms that trade agreements should not interfere with a government’s efforts to address public health challenges.

23. 5. Price of drugs Beyond the price of the drugs, other health infrastructure requirements prevent citizens of poor countries from accessing life-saving medications. In addition to having access to drugs that are cheap, a sick person must also have access to local medical professionals and laboratories that can properly diagnose their ailment, transportation systems that can deliver the drugs to their area (some of which may require constant refrigeration – a considerable additional expense), and trained health officials who can administer and monitor the use of the drugs.