1. Spain 1. Charles V- Ruled 2 empires- Catholic Heir to the Hapsburgs- Austrian rulers of the Holy Roman Empire… Greatest foe- Ottoman Empire 2. Phillip II- Long reign 1556- 1598; Believed in divine right and absolute monarchy -Tried to crush Protestant rebels -Built Spanish Armada -Ruled during golden century -Spain was the most powerful country in the world during the 1500s

2. France 3. Henry IV- Bourbon Prince/Huguenot leader who converted to Catholic when he became King of France.. Issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598 that granted the Huguenots religious toleration 4. Louis XIII (Cardinal Richelieu)- Inherited the throne at 9 yrs old… Appointed Richelieu as prime minister

3. France 5. Louis XIV- 1643 inherited the throne at 5 yrs old… Ruled for 72 years… He was the most powerful European monarch of all time… Jules Mazarin was his prime minister. -Louis XIV was know as the “Sun King” -He never had a meeting with the Estates General -Expanded the French bureaucracy (French army was the strongest in the world) -Appointed Jean Baptist Colbert as his finance minister -Built the palace at Versailles -France was the most powerful country in the world during his reign (1600s)

4. England 6. Henry VIII- Broke away from the Catholic Church; Consulted Parliament frequently in need of $ 7. Elizabeth I- Divine right but cautious and also consulted parliament -Never married- no heir to throne; Last of the Tudor dynasty -Called “Good Queen Bess” (very popular) 8. James I- 1 st Stuart Monarch; Divine Right; Clashed with Parliament over money and foreign policy -Dissolved parliament

5. England 9. Charles I- 1625 inherits the throne from his father; Had to summon parliament in 1628 to raise taxes; Forced to sign Petition of Right and dissolved parliament in 1629 -English Civil War 1642-1649… Cavaliers vs Roundheads -Charles I was executed in 1649 10. Charles II- took the throne in 1660… very popular ruler… Restored the Church of England

6. England 11. James II- Inherited throne in 1685… Flaunted the Catholic faith -He was hated, so parliament invited William and Mary (James’ Protestant daughter) to become rulers of England 12. William and Mary- Glorious Revolution 1700s (during this time period, France is the most powerful country in the world) -Parliament was superior over the monarchy -House of Commons was given “power of purse” -Constitutional monarch was a very radical idea

7. Austria 13. Ferdinand II- Hapsburg King of Bohemia -sought to suppress Protestants -tried to roll back the Reformation -1648 signed the Treaty of Westphalia 14. Maria Theresa- Charles II who had no son persuaded other European rulers to recognize Maria Theresa as ruler -Greatest threat was in 1740 by Frederick II that started an 8 yr. war called War of Austrian Succession

8. Prussia 15. Frederick II- Inherits the throne in 1740 -Treated badly by his father because he preferred playing the flute and writing poetry -Great military successes earned him the name of Frederick the Great

9. Russia 16. Peter the Great -10 yrs. old when he came to the throne -almost 7 feet tall -In 1697 he made an effort to modernize Russia -Created the largest standing army in Europe -Built the new capital city- St. Petersburg and died in 1725 17. Catherine the Great -After her mentally unstable husband Peter was murdered, she took the throne -Embraced western ideas and encouraged French language and customs -She could be ruthless- took firm action against the peasants -She had many wars against the Ottoman Empire and did achieve a warm water port