1. KYLE R. FISK, DVM HERD HEALTH BASICS

2. CONTROLLED BREEDING SEASON (< 90 DAYS) First step to implement any management Calf processing – Vaccination/Castration at proper age! Cow processing and reproductive culling Concentration of labor Nutritional adjustment to group requirements Uniform/heavier weight and age of calf crop = $ Depends on marketing of calves, environment, forage/supplement availability, and place to put the bull(s)

3. WHAT’S OUR BIGGEST PROBLEM? Bovine Respiratory Disease $1.2 Billion/year cost to industry 75% morbidity and 50-70% mortality in feed-yards

4. NO MORE SILVER BULLETS Antibiotic resistance 82.7% bacteria resistant to at least one antibiotic In 2009, just over 5% of bacteria were resistant to major 5 antibiotics (pan-resistant). In 2011, more than 35% of bacteria were characterized as pan-resistant. In 2012, KS diagnostic lab: 55% pan-resistant and 65% resistant to all but one antibiotic Prevention is the only option… Entering a post antibiotic age?

5. SE BACKGROUNDING DATA: Unknown Vaccination Source – Sale barn, mixed origin, comingled Morbidity 32-72% Mortality 6-15% The lower the weaning weight; the higher the pull rates Known Vaccine Source – single sourced country cattle, calves vaccinated on cow Morbidity 12-18% Mortality <1-2% Pull rates correlate to feed ration transitions, handling, weather, heat stress, comingling, or pen to pen movements

6. VACCINATION INCENTIVES Superior programs Vaccine program since 1994 Improved health equates to increased weaning weights Retained ownership Talk to your market manager!

7. VACCINATION IMMUNITY Stress Handling, weaning, environmental, nutritional Timing of vaccine Vaccinating during stress period (i.e. weaning) Killed vaccine not boostered properly Not instantaneous! Nutrition Mineral plays large role in immune function and one of the first components lost in mineral deficient states Normal response 85-95% if everything is done right < 60% if stressed or vaccines are handled improperly

8. GOALS OF VACCINATION PROGRAM The vaccine should stimulate an immune response similar to that of the real disease That immune response should produce protection against clinical disease by raising the animals resistance above its disease challenge This protection should last a year The vaccine should be easy to use, cost effective and have minimal side effects

9. VACCINE FAILURE Expired/incorrect vaccine Not refrigerated/sunlight Mixed too long or improperly (settled out) Incorrect route of administration Disinfectants used on needles/syringes Timing relative to disease challenge; too soon Lack of booster of Killed vaccine Stress and nutrition status of calf

10. TYPES OF VACCINES Killed Virus Safe for bred cows No mixing required Weaker and shorter immune response Requires initial booster Large volume dose Adjuvant = more reaction 1 week once opened Modified Live Virus Can cause abortion Requires mixing Stronger and longer acting immunity Single dose effective Smaller volume dose 1 hour once mixed

11. VACCINATION RESPONSE Time Immune Response 1 st dose 2 nd dose

12. MANAGING IMMUNITY Decrease stressors Weaning, commingling, feed changes, workings/handling, environmental Provide adequate nutrition Including water and mineral Develop a comprehensive vaccination program Stick to it Decrease the disease challenge and improve immunity !

13. RESPONSE TO STRESS Time Weaning Level Susceptibility

14. COMBINED MGMT. AND VACCINE Time Level Vaccination Weaning

15. WHAT DISEASES BRD BVD, IBR, BRSV, PI3 + bacterins Clostridial (blackleg) Pink eye Lepto/Vibrio Trich ? Brucella

16. BRD BVD, IBR, BRSV, PI3 All reduce calves immunity to bacterial infection BVD and IBR commonly cause abortions Mannhiemia heamolytica, Pasturella multocida, Histophilus somni 75% morbidity and 50-70% mortality in feedyards $1.2 Billion/year cost to industry

17. CLOSTRIDIAL 9 serotypes Chauvoei, Septicum, Sordelli, Novyi, Haemolyticum, Perfringens type C & D, Tetani, Botulinum Affect muscle, liver, intestines and nervous system Live in environment and animal’s tissues Cause disease with injury

18. PINK EYE Moraxella bovis vs. Moraxella bovoculli Vaccine combo with blackleg only have M. bovis Can manufacture vaccine for your herd Requires continual culturing to ensure effective vaccine Can get costly Management UV radiation Top dress fields Limit dust Fly control

19. LEPTO/VIBRIO/TRICH Leptospirosis - 5 serovars Hardjo, Pomona, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae In water and urine Causes abortions, typically late term Vaccines only effective 6 months Vibriosis (Campylobacter foetus) Venereal disease transmitted from bull Causes first trimester abortions Vaccinate pre-breeding Trichomonasis (Tritrichomonas foetus) Venereal disease from bull – permanent carrier Causes pyometra and early abortion Cows will clear ~90 days and re-breed – late calving herd

20. BRUCELLA Given to heifers only between 4 and 12 months of age Typically between weaning and first cycle (good time to check weight on replacements) Get tattooed and USDA ear tag indicating vaccination Causes late term abortions Spread by wildlife and zoonotic to humans USDA regulated attenuated live culture Don’t give concurrently with antibiotics Veterinary administration

21. WEANING

22. LOW STRESS WEANING Fence line 5-10 days Clean fresh water (trickling over) Free choice high quality grass hay ½-1% BW high fiber, palatable feed Helps if creep fed Free choice mineral Place nutrition on fence line Quiet wean? Required for some premiums

23. DEWORMING

24. ANTHELMINTIC RESISTANCE Parasites of concern: Ostertagia, Haemonchus, Cooperia, etc. Diarrhea Anorexia Weight loss/poor growth Rough hair growth Anemia and “bottle jaw” Lethargy/weakness Immuno-suppression Death

25. DEWORMERS & 3 CLASSES 1.White wormers - oral Safegaurd, Panacur, Synathic, Valbazen 2.Injectable & pour-ons Avermectins: Ivermectin, Eprinex, Dectomax Milbemycins: Cydectin 3.Imidazothiazole - oral Prohibit/Levamisole Morantel

26. POUR-ONS Most common NOT for fly control Injectable = known dosing White wormers coming back Largest problem is application !

27. SLOWING RESISTANCE Small ruminants Egg counts & FAMACHA Combination deworming Injectable + oral Under-dosing and using too frequently of pour-ons Greatly increases rate of resistance Rotational grazing, stocking rate Should we deworm all cattle? Select classes; BCS

28. QUESTIONS ? Kyle R. Fisk, DVM Fisk Veterinary Services, PL www.fiskvet.net kyler.fisk@gmail.com (352) 266-9275