1. 1 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 Understanding Why Demand for SSDs is Soaring Ryan Smith Sr. Manager – SSD Product Marketing, Samsung Semiconductor, Inc.

2. 2 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 What is a HDD?  HDD = Hard Disk Drive  Block Based Device (e.g., 512-byte)  Capacities in Base 10  Drivers are common and ubiquitous  RPM has peaked milliseconds

3. 3 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 What is Flash?  Non-volatile computer storage chip that can be electronically programmed and erased Definition and Ingot Image Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon

4. 4 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 What is an SSD?  SSD = Solid State Drive  RAM-based introduced in 1970’s  Flash-based version in 1990’s  Today, it typically uses NAND Flash  Don’t complicate it.. it’s just a really fast drive! Source : Forward Insights, 3Q13

5. 5 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 Why an SSD?  Three things that dictate the speed of your PC/Server: CPU, DRAM, and HDD  Everything is speeding up.. Except the HDD Processor: Multi-core Higher bandwidth Memory: Larger footprint Higher bandwidth Storage: Minor throughput improvements Currently solved with spindles Time Performance Closing the gap with Solid State Storage

6. 6 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 Why an SSD?  Lower response times (latency)  Higher IOPS and Throughput  Lower Power  No RVI Issues, More reliable http://tiny.cc/yellatstoragehttp://tiny.cc/yellatstorage Random Performance (IOPS) Power Consumption (Watt) ReadWrite70:30 Test Environment : IOMeter2008Test Environment : IOMeter2008 / 4KB RND R70:W30 ActiveIdle Source : Samsung SV843 15K RPM HDD SV843 15K RPM HDD X200 X75 X38 -88% -80% 8.5 12.6 2.5 1.0 14K 29K 88K ~3,000K RPM HDD

7. 7 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 SSD Performance 73K 80K 5K 15x 10% SSD Performance cannot be matched

8. 8 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 90,000 IOPS 1 Samsung SSD 900 Hard Drives SSD Performance

9. 9 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 So what’s there to know about an SSD? SSD Key Characteristics SSD Components NAND Characteristics P/E Cycles WAF TBW / WPD SMART Host Interface Sustained vs. Peak Performance Benchmarking SSD Influencers TRIM Over-provisioning Changing Workload ML C 1010 1010 3,000 User Area Reserved O/P

10. 10 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 SSD Key Characteristics

11. 11 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 SSD Components  Host/NAND Controller  Firmware  NAND Flash  DRAM  Capacitors (optional) NANDDRAMFirmwareController DRAM NAND Flash Controller Firmware Host Interface All components work closely together SSD Image Source : Anandtech

12. 12 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 NAND Characteristics  Types of NAND TLC MLC E-MLC SLC  Geometry / Lithography 4xnm, 3xnm, 2xnm Smaller = Less Cost  NAND Hierarchy Pages: Smallest unit that can be read/written (e.g., 8KB) Erase block: Groups of pages (e.g., 64 pages @ 8KB = 512KB) 500-1K P/E Cycles 1 year retention 3-5K P/E Cycles 1 year retention 10-30K P/E Cycles 3 month retention 90-100K P/E Cycles 3 mo – 1 yr retention TLC 1010 1010 1010 ML C 1010 1010 E-ML C SLC 1010 1010 1010 PC Enterprise 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010

13. 13 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 P/E Cycles  As geometries shrink, error correction must get better  It’s like a car warranty! 3 years or 50,000 miles 3 years or 3,000 P/E Cycles  Not a useful characteristic by itself 3,000 Program / Erase Cycles The # of times a given NAND cell can be programmed & erased

14. 14 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 Write Amplification Factor (WAF)  WAF 1 means 1MB from host writes 1MB to NAND  WAF 5 means 1MB from host writes 5MB to NAND  Factors that can affect WAF: Write Amplification Factor Bytes written to NAND versus bytes written from PC/Server Bytes written to NAND Bytes written from Host WAF =

15. 15 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 Write Amplification (WAF) Example  Below example illustrates WAF of 6 Z A LBA 0 Host SSD Time B CD EF LBA 0 AB CD EF ZB CD EF Cache Flash Z ZB CD EF ZB CD EF ZB CD EF Host wants to update LBA 0 No more free pages Need to erase entire block Read existing data to Cache Erase block Write modified page and old pages back to Flash 4KB from Host 24KB to NAND

16. 16 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 TBW Examples: ((128GB / 1000) * 3000 PE) / 5 = 76.8 TBW ((128GB / 1000) * 3000 PE) / 2.5 = 153.6 TBW ((256GB / 1000) * 3000 PE) / 5 = 153.6 TBW ((128GB / 1000) * 30000 PE) / 5 = 768 TBW TeraBytes Written # of terabytes you can write to the drive over it’s useful life (Capacity GB/1000) x PE Cycles WAF TBW =

17. 17 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 WPD Examples: (1,730 TBW * 1,000 / 480GB) / (5yr * 365) = 1.97 WPD (1,730 TBW * 1,000 / 400GB) / (5yr * 365) = 2.37 WPD (1,730 TBW * 1,000 / 400GB) / (3yr * 365) = 3.95 WPD Writes Per Day Same as TBW but normalized on capacity and lifetime How many complete drive writes can be done over a period of time TBW * 1000 / Capacity GB Years * 365 WPD =

18. 18 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 SMART Attributes IDAttribute Name 5Reallocated Sector Count 9Power-on Hours 12Power-on Count 177Wear Leveling Count 179Used Reserved Block Count 180Unused Reserved Block Count 181Program Fail Count 182Erase Fail Count 187Uncorrectable Error Count 195ECC Error Count 199CRC Error Count 241Total LBA Written  Look at health and various statistics  Allows for predictable maintenance windows  Calculate WAF, TBW  Host GB written = [ID241] / (2/1024/1024)  NAND GB written = [ID177] * Capacity GB  WAF = NAND GB / Host GB  Expected Life (yrs) = Warranty PE * ([ID9]/24/365) / [ID177]

19. 19 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 Host Interface  This is how you communicate to the SSD  So many choices.. SATA SAS PCIe (NVMe, SCSIe, SATAe, Proprietary)  Which is right for you? PCServerExternal Storage Current SATA PCIe SATA SAS PCIe SATA + SAS bridge SAS Future SATA PCIe SATA SAS PCIe SAS PCIe

20. 20 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 PCIe SSDs SATA 6Gb/s Limit 2.4X 2.7X 1.8X 3.1X SATAPCIe  Sequential performance bottleneck removed  Protocol overhead / bridging removed: Better latency  NVMe will enable PCIe to be ubiquitous

21. 21 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 Sustained vs. Peak Performance  There can be significant differences in sustained vs. peak  Run enterprise benchmark (e.g., SNIA RTP 2.0)  Or even better, run your own workload (or simulated) [IOPS] [Ran. Performance @ 4KB] Samsung 128GBSamsung 200GB Vendor “X” 160GB [MBs] [Seq. Performance @ 1MB] Samsung 128GBSamsung 200GB Vendor “X” 160GB Source : Samsung / SNIA RTP2.0 Benchmark 99% below Peak 94% below Peak Samsung vs Vendor “X” 11x Sustained Random Writes Samsung vs Vendor “X” 11x Sustained Random Writes Samsung vs Vendor “X” 2x Sustained Sequential Writes Samsung vs Vendor “X” 2x Sustained Sequential Writes 95% below Peak

22. 22 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 Benchmarking BenchmarkURL SNIA RTP 2.0 http://www.snia.org/tech_activities/standards/curr_standards/pts Iometer http://sourceforge.net/projects/iometer/ ATTO Disk http://www.attotech.com/products/product.php?sku=Disk_Benchmark CrystalDiskMark http://crystalmark.info/software/CrystalDiskMark/index-e.html HD Tune Pro http://www.hdtune.com/ AS SSD (SSD) http://alex-is.de/PHP/fusion/downloads.php?download_id=9 Anvil (SSD) http://thessdreview.com/latest-buzz/anvil-storage-utilities-releases-new-storage-and-ssd-benchmark/ ScriptsHave multiple “dd” running with best guess workload, capturing timing/speeds Real Workload Capture trace during real workload and playback (ioapps, blktrace/btereplay)  Synthetic or actual workload & take measurements

23. 23 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 SSD Reviewers  Good SSD Review sites available..

24. 24 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 SSD Influencers

25. 25 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 TRIM  Helps the SSD know which blocks aren’t used  Widely supported standard: Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, hdparm  Better sustained performance and extends TBW  Without TRIM, SSD only knows block isn’t used once the same LBA is written to Hi Bye Hi Bye No TRIM needed Hi Bye Hi Bye TRIM makes SSD aware LBA 0 Host SSD ? TRIM Hi Bye LBA 0 LBA 1 LBA 0 LBA 1 TimeTime

26. 26 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 Base-2 versus Base-10 238GBBase-2 255GBBase-10 BaseUnitsKB1 MB1 GB1 TB 2KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB 1,024 1,048,576 1,073,741,824 1,099,511,627,776 10KB, MB, GB, TB 1,000 1,000,000 1,000,000,000 1,000,000,000,000 Difference2.4%4.9%7.4%10.0% 7.4% difference can be used for wear-leveling, bad blocks, etc.

27. 27 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 Over-Provisioning  Helps a few things: Improves Write Performance, Reduces WAF, Increases TBW User Area Reserved O/P 512GB 400GB 512GB Base-2 to Base-10 conversion: 549,755,813,888 to 512,000,000,0000 (7.4%) 112GB 28% O/P -58% 2.4x 3.5x These performance numbers are fictitious but do represent the actual benefits seen during tests 3.1x

28. 28 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 Over-Provisioning  However, there can be diminishing returns on OP levels

29. 29 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀  Write sequentially instead of random to reduce WAF If you have control of the I/O to the disk, this will pay off  Align your writes with the page boundaries (e.g., 8KB)  If alignment is too hard to implement, just increase your IO size Only 1 Page needed2 Pages needed Change Write Workload RandomSequential MLC 480GB SSD1,730 TBW10,000 TBW 5.8x 8K LBA 0 LBA 16 LBA 8 LBA 0 LBA 16 8K LBA 16 Change block alignment Host SSD

30. 30 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 Applications of SSDs

31. 31 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 HDD Replacement  Replace boot drive or main storage  Fastest and easiest way to experience SSDs SSD Server SSD Storage

32. 32 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 Caching Appliance  Read and/or Write Cache  Caching will take place in one of the following: Between servers and storage, typically in a SAN Inside server  Used to speed up legacy or slower storage SSD Servers Cache Storage SSD

33. 33 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 Tiered Storage  An external storage device (NAS, SAN)  Only puts “hot” or “critical” data on SSD  Most of the storage is still on HDD SSD Storage Servers

34. 34 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 All Flash Storage  External storage based on 100% SSD/Flash  Typically uses MLC and de-duplication/compression to achieve better pricing  Designers of these systems are Flash experts SSDSSD SSD Storage Servers

35. 35 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 Datacenter Trends

36. 36 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 Mainstream 2TB 2.5” SSDs <1K IOPS 15TB Usable 320K IOPS* 16TB Usable 3+1 RAID 5 (5TB) RAID Card 4 x 3.5” HDDs 8 RAID 0 (2TB) HBA 8 x 2.5” SSDs * 6Gb x8 HBA bottleneck HDD 2014 brings similar 1U server capacity and unmatched performance IOPS/GB 0.05 vs 20 SSD

37. 37 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 SATAe/NVMe in the PC & Server Protocol Standa rdization PC-adoption is key to bringing mainstream SATA will start t o shift to PCIe i n PC/Server Form factors: H HHL, 2.5” SFF- 8639, M.2

38. 38 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 Educated End-Users End-users’ questions are more advanced Customers are shaping next generation Tailoring workloads specifically for SSDs 1.Random  Sequential 2.Looking closely at SMART attributes 3.Aligning writes to page boundaries RandomSequential MLC 480GB SSD1,730 TBW10,000 TBW 5.8x

39. 39 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 IOPS/GB + Large Capacities  For a given unit of content, need minimum level of performance  Requirement of >10 IOPS/GB was difficult to use high capacity Other factors 10Gb networking Server density Rack optimization 10K RPM HDD 300GB600GB 200 0.660.33 2011-12 SSD 120GB240GB 1,500 126 2013 SSD 480GB960GB 14,500 2814 Capacity IOPS IOPS/GB

40. 40 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 Density at Component and System Level  SSDs more dense by 2015; However, already there! 4TB5TB6TB8TB 2TB4TB8TB16TB 2013 2014 2015 2016 3.5” 2.5” 2U12 3.5” 2U24 2.5”2U48 2.5” 5TB60TB48TB*N/A 2TB24TB48TB96TB 4TB48TB96TB192TB * 2TB largest 2.5” HDD

41. 41 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 QoS – Quality of Service  If consistency is important, SSDs can vary depending on degree

42. 42 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 Datacenter Write Workload 0.3WPD 2-4WPD 10WPD TLC 1010 1010 1010 ML C 1010 1010 E-ML C 1010 1010 Heavy Read Write 0.3WPD 10WPD ML C 1010 1010 E-ML C 1010 1010 Datacenter workload 0-10 WPD Competitors

43. 43 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 Dell’s customers prefer Samsung Samsung is the preferred vendor for Dell’s customers A B C

44. 44 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 100% Vertically Integrated Samsung produces all critical components that make up a SSD, resulting in: 1. Increased Performance, 2. Superior Reliability, 3. Ownership of design Market Leader provides highest quality products #1 Source: Gartner 2Q13 Report Why Samsung? #1

45. 45 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 Why Samsung? “It’s what’s inside that counts”  Only the best Flash makes it into Samsung SSDs  Samsung SSD Flash is 20 times better than conventional Flash!

46. 46 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 Why Samsung? Highest Quality NAND  Server grade NAND is used for all Samsung SSDs  Samsung SSDs prove to have the lowest failure rate compared to any competitor SSD Failure Rate [Source :HardWare.fr, May’13]* from Oct’12 to Apr’13

47. 47 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 Why Samsung? Innovation. Clear Market leader in SSD [Source : iSuppli, Q1 2013] 2012 2006Samsung SSD Introduction 2008 World’s 1 st 2-bit SSD 2012 1 st 3-bit SSD 1H2013 World’s 1 st PC PCIe SSD Samsung is leading the SSD industry with innovative products 2H2013 World’s 1 st 3D-NAND

48. 48 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 Planar NAND  Vertical NAND 20nm e-e- e-e- 10nm e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- Cell Over 30nm e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- Cell-to-CellInterference Patterning V-NAND

49. 49 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 V-NAND Era for the Future 2D Planar ‘05‘13‘07‘09‘11 Year Design Rule (nm) ‘03 3D V-NAND / No Patterning Limitation 128Gb 16Gb 8 stack 128Gb 24 stack 1Tb ‘17‘15

50. 50 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 Innovation Result: 128Gb V-NAND Chip 128Gb V-NAND Flash24 Layer Cell Structure Compared to 20nm planar NAND Flash: 2X Density and Write Speed ½ Power Consumption 10X Endurance “The World’s 1st 3D V-NAND Flash Mass Production”

51. 51 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 Dell / Samsung - Partnership  Partners for 25 years  Samsung technology offered in leading edge Latitude and XPS notebooks

52. 52 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 Dell / Samsung – Solving Real World Problems VDI performance comparison of Samsung SSDs vs. SAS drives in a Dell PowerEdge R720 Enhancing server performance and scalability with solid-state drives Dell PowerEdge R720 Server Solution with Samsung SSDs and Windows Server 2012: Supporting Virtual Desktops in Remote Offices Dell PowerEdge R720n Server Solution with Samsung SSDs and Windows Server 2012 http://www.samsung.com/us/dellcio

53. 53 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 SSD Resources Dell PCs: www.dell.com/business/ssd Dell Servers: www.dell.com/business/ssd/server Samsung SSDs: www.samsung.com/us/dellpromo

54. 54 / ? YYYY.MM.DD / 홍길동 책임 / xxxxxx 팀 Thank you! Visit our booth or email us any questions at ssd@ssi.samsung.com