1. Chapter 12: Congress in Action Opener

2. Congress in session is Congress on public exhibition, whilst Congress in its committee-rooms is Congress at work. –Woodrow Wilson, Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics, 1885

3. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 3 Chapter 12, Opener Essential Question Can and should the lawmaking process be improved?

4. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 4 Chapter 12, Opener Guiding Questions Section 1: Congress Organizes –How do constitutional and party officers keep Congress organized? The presiding officers settle rules issues and direct the flow of floor debate. The majority and minority party leaders and whips organize party policy and voting on issues. The committee chairs guide the passage of bills through each house.

5. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 5 Chapter 12, Opener Guiding Questions Section 2: Committees in Congress –How do committees help Congress do its work? Standing committees and their subcommittees review and modify bills and decide if they should be reported to the floor for a vote, joint committees coordinate the efforts of both houses on key issues, and select committees conduct special investigations.

6. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 6 Chapter 12, Opener Guiding Questions Section 3: Making Law: The House –What steps does a successful bill follow as it moves through the House? A bill is introduced, receives a first reading, and is assigned to a committee that reviews and possibly amends the bill before reporting it to the House floor for a second reading. Further debate and amendment occurs before a vote approving the bill is held and it receives a third and final reading.

7. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 7 Chapter 12, Opener Guiding Questions Section 4: Making Law: The Senate –What are the major differences in the lawmaking process between the House and the Senate? The Senate lacks the Rules Committee, has fewer rules limiting floor debate than the House, and allows the delaying tactic known as the filibuster.

8. Chapter 12: Congress in Action Section 1

9. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9 Chapter 12, Opener Objectives – I CAN: 1.Describe how and when Congress convenes. 2.Compare the roles of the presiding officers in the Senate and the House. 3.Identify the duties of the party officers in each house. 4.Describe how committee chairmen are chosen and explain their role in the legislative process.

10. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 10 Chapter 12, Opener Key Terms Speaker of the House: the elected presiding officer of the House and the leader of its majority party President of the Senate: the Senate’s presiding officer President pro tempore: the elected Senate officer who presides in the Vice President’s absence party caucus: a closed meeting of the members of each party in each house floor leaders: unofficial party officers who serve in each house

11. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 11 Chapter 12, Opener Key Terms, cont. majority leader: the floor leader of the majority party in either house minority leader: the floor leader of the minority party in either house whip: assistant floor leaders committee chairmen: the heads of the standing committees in Congress seniority rule: the unwritten custom that the party members with the longest records of service should hold the most important posts in Congress

12. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 12 Chapter 12, Opener Introduction How do constitutional and party officers keep Congress organized? –The Speaker of the House and the presiding officer of the Senate settle rules issues and direct the flow of floor debate. –The majority and minority leaders and whips organize party policy and voting on issues. –The committee chairs guide the passage of bills through each house.

13. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 13 Chapter 12, Opener Profile of the 113th Congress Chapter 10, Section 4 Senate party standings (at the beginning of this Congress) 53 DemocratsDemocrats 2 Independents, both caucusing with DemocratsIndependents 45 RepublicansRepublicans House party standings (as of September 27, 2013) 200 DemocratsDemocrats 233 RepublicansRepublicans 2 vacant

14. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 14 Chapter 12, Opener Opening Day in Congress Congress begins a new term every two years, on January 3 of odd years. In the House, the members elect a Speaker, who takes the oath of office and swears in the other members. The House then elects various officers such as the clerk. Next the House adopts the rules for the current term. These rules have developed for over 200 years and are occasionally amended or expanded.

15. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 15 Chapter 12, Opener Opening Day, cont. The House then appoints the members of the 20 permanent committees. Only a third of the Senate is elected every two years, so newly elected members are simply sworn in and vacancies for officers and committees filled.

16. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 16 Chapter 12, Opener The State of the Union Checkpoint: What is the purpose of the State of the Union address? –The President delivers the State of the Union address to a joint session of Congress a few weeks after it is organized. –In addition to describing the general state of national affairs, the President describes the planned policies of his or her administration to Congress and the nation, requesting that Congress pass specific pieces of legislation.

17. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 17 Chapter 12, Opener The Speaker of the House is the presiding officer of the House and the leader of its majority party, a powerful combination. Democrat Nancy Pelosi (right) was the first woman to serve as Speaker. Speaker of the House

18. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 18 Chapter 12, Opener Speaker of the House, cont. The Speaker presides and keeps order. –The Speaker chairs most sessions of the House. No member can speak on the floor unless recognized by the Speaker. –The Speaker interprets and applies rules and procedures, refers bills to committees, and puts motions to a vote. –The Speaker also names the members of all select and conference committees.

19. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 19 Chapter 12, Opener President of the Senate The Constitution names the Vice President as the Senate’s presiding officer. –The President of the Senate can recognize members, put questions to a vote, and so forth, but cannot take part in debates and votes only to break a tie. –The President pro tempore is a member of the Senate’s majority party elected to serve as Senate leader in the Vice President’s absence.

20. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 20 Chapter 12, Opener Party Politics in Congress Congress is strongly partisan. It is organized along party lines, with key positions and committees controlled by the majority party in each house. –Since 1981, what is the largest majority held by either party in the House?

21. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 21 Chapter 12, Opener Checkpoint: What is a party caucus? –A party caucus is a closed meeting of the members of each party in each house. –The caucus discusses policy issues and selects the party’s floor leaders and committee chairs. Party Caucus

22. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 22 Chapter 12, Opener Representation by State

23. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 23 Chapter 12, Opener Representation by State

24. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 24 Chapter 12, Opener The floor leaders are party officers in the House and Senate. The majority leader represents the majority party in each house and controls the order of business on the floor. Floor Leaders

25. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 25 Chapter 12, Opener The party whips are assistant floor leaders who help connect the party leadership with the rank-and-file members. The whips count votes and help see that members are present for key votes. Floor Leaders, cont.

26. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 26 Chapter 12, Opener Committee Chairman Committee chairs have a major say in what bills the committee considers, if public hearings will be held, and what witnesses will be called. –What does this cartoon say about testifying before a committee?

27. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 27 Chapter 12, Opener The Seniority Rule The seniority rule in an unwritten custom granting the most important posts in Congress, such as committee chairmen, to the party members with the longest service. –Critics say this rule ignores ability, discourages younger members, and limits fresh ideas. –Supporters say the rule ensures experienced leadership and is easy to apply without sparking debates.

28. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 28 Chapter 12, Opener Review Now that you have learned about how constitutional and party officers keep Congress organized, go back and answer the Chapter Essential Question. –Can and should the lawmaking process be improved?

29. Chapter 12: Congress in Action Section 2

30. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 30 Chapter 12, Opener Objectives – I CAN: 1.Explain how standing committees function. 2.Describe the responsibilities and duties of the House Rules Committee. 3.Describe the role of select committees. 4.Compare the functions of joint and conference committees.

31. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 31 Chapter 12, Opener Key Terms standing committee: permanent panels in each house of Congress subcommittee: divisions of standing committees that do most of the committee’s work select committee: a committee set up for a special purpose and often for a limited time joint committee: a committee made up of members of both houses conference committee: a temporary joint committee created to settle differences in versions of a bill passed by each house of Congress

32. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 32 Chapter 12, Opener Introduction How do committees help Congress do its work? –Standing committees review and modify bills and decide if they should be reported to the floor for a vote. Subcommittees then do much of the work of reviewing a bill. –Joint committees coordinate the efforts of both houses on key issues, while select committees conduct special investigations.

33. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 33 Chapter 12, Opener Standing Committees When a bill is introduced in either house, it is referred to the standing committee that deals with the subject matter of that bill. The fate of most bills is decided in committee rather than on the floor of either house.

34. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 34 Chapter 12, Opener Standing Committees, cont. Members of each standing committee are elected by a floor vote at the beginning of each term of Congress. –Each House committee has from 10 to 75 members, while Senate committees have from 14 to 28 members. –Representatives usually serve on one or two standing committees, while senators serve on three or four. –Committee chairmen are chosen according to the seniority rule.

35. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 35 Chapter 12, Opener Today the House has 20 standing committees. The most influential House committees are Rules, Ways and Means, Foreign Affairs, Armed Services, Judiciary, Agriculture, and Appropriations. Standing Committees, cont.

36. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 36 Chapter 12, Opener Today the Senate has 16 standing committees. The most influential Senate committees are Armed Services, Finance, Judiciary, Foreign Relations, Appropriations, and Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. Standing Committees, cont.

37. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 37 Chapter 12, Opener Permanent Committees of Congress Chapter 12, Section 2

38. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 38 Chapter 12, Opener Subcommittees Most standing committees are divided into more specific subcommittees, which do much of the work of researching and reviewing bills. –There are 99 subcommittees in the House and nearly 70 in the Senate. –The subcommittees relay their findings to the main committee.

39. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 39 Chapter 12, Opener The House Rules Committee The House Rules Committee controls which bills make it to the floor of the House. Bills that leave their standing committee must then be scheduled for floor consideration by the Rules Committee. This power lets the Rules Committee speed, delay, or block House action on a measure.

40. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 40 Chapter 12, Opener A Sample Bill The Food and Energy Security Act was introduced in the House in 2007. –The Speaker referred the bill to the Committee on Agriculture, which reviewed and reported it, and the Committee on Foreign Affairs, which simply discharged it. –After leaving committee, the bill was scheduled for floor debate and amendment by the Rules Committee. –The bill was then considered by the full house.

41. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 41 Chapter 12, Opener Congressional committees and subcommittees often conduct investigations into public issues. They may do so to gather information, to ensure that federal agencies are following the law, or to raise public awareness. Investigation and Oversight

42. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 42 Chapter 12, Opener Select Committees Checkpoint: What is a select committee? –Select or special committees are typically temporary panels set up to investigate a specific issue. –The Senate Watergate Committee investigated the Watergate scandal. –The Iran-Contra Committee examined the arms-for- hostages deal and illegal aid to the Contras. –The Senate Committee on Indian Affairs uncovered corruption tied to lobbyists for Native American tribes.

43. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 43 Chapter 12, Opener Joint Committees, cont. Joint committees include members from both houses. Those shown in the chart are permanent groups, while others are select committees.

44. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 44 Chapter 12, Opener Conference Committees Checkpoint: What is the difference between a joint committee and a conference committee? –Joint committees coordinate the efforts of each house of Congress on specific subjects and help administer shared functions. –Conference committees are temporary, joint panels formed to create a compromise bill when each house has passed a different version of a bill.

45. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 45 Chapter 12, Opener Review Now that you have learned about how committees help Congress do its work, go back and answer the Chapter Essential Question. –Can and should the lawmaking process be improved?

46. Chapter 12: Congress in Action Section 3

47. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 47 Chapter 12, Opener Objectives – I CAN: 1.Identify the first steps in the introduction of a bill to the House. 2.Describe what happens to a bill once it is referred to a committee. 3.Explain how House leaders schedule debate on a bill. 4.Explain what happens to a bill on the House floor, and identify the final step in the passage of a bill in the House.

48. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 48 Chapter 12, Opener Key Terms bill: a proposed law presented to the House or Senate for consideration joint resolution: measure similar to bills that have the force of law concurrent resolution: measure addressed by the House and Senate that lack the force of law resolution: measure having to do with a matter dealt with by only one house

49. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 49 Chapter 12, Opener Key Terms, cont. rider: a provision attached to an important measure likely to pass pigeonhole: to bury a bill in committee discharge petition: a petition that lets members force a bill onto the floor quorum: a majority of the full membership engrossed: printed in its final form

50. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 50 Chapter 12, Opener Introduction What steps does a successful bill follow as it moves through the House? –A bill is introduced, receives a first reading, and is assigned to a committee. –The committee may hold hearings on a bill and amend it before reporting it to the floor. –On the floor, a bill receives a second reading and can be debated and amended before being voted on, printed, and receiving a third and final reading.

51. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 51 Chapter 12, Opener The First Steps Most bills are drafted in the executive branch or by special interest groups before being presented to members of Congress. Members often try to get support or cosponsors from members before introducing a proposed bill. All tax bills must begin in the House. House members introduce bills by dropping them into a hopper on the clerk’s desk.

52. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 52 Chapter 12, Opener Types of Bills and Resolutions Chapter 12, Section 3

53. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 53 Chapter 12, Opener Bills and Resolutions Public bills are measures that apply to the nation as a whole. Private bills are measures that apply to certain persons or places. Joint resolutions are special measures that have the force of law. They are used to deal with unusual or temporary matters, such as funding inaugurations or proposing constitutional amendments.

54. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 54 Chapter 12, Opener Bills and Resolutions, cont. Concurrent resolutions do not have the force of law. They are used when both the House and Senate want to state a position on an issue. Simple resolutions are used by each house to adopt or amend its rules. A rider is a provision tacked on to an unrelated bill, such as appropriations bill, that is more likely to be passed than the rider would be on its own.

55. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 55 Chapter 12, Opener First Reading Each bill is numbered by the clerk, given a short title summarizing its contents, and entered into the official record. After this first reading, the bill is assigned to a committee. –What does this cartoonist say about the political process?

56. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 56 Chapter 12, Opener Though not mentioned in the Constitution, committees play an essential role by filtering the many bills submitted to Congress. Most bills are pigeonholed. That is, they die in committee. The Bill in Committee

57. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 57 Chapter 12, Opener Checkpoint: What is a discharge petition? –A discharge petition lets House members force a bill that has stayed in committee 30 days onto the floor for debate. –Such a petition must be signed by a majority of House members. The Bill in Committee, cont.

58. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 58 Chapter 12, Opener Committees refer bills to one of their subcommittees. Public hearings to gather data and hear testimony are held for key measures. Sometimes members of a sub- committee will take trips to research a bill. A Committee at Work

59. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 59 Chapter 12, Opener Committee Actions A committee can: –Report a bill with a “do pass” recommendation. –Pigeonhole the bill and kill it. –Report an amended version of the bill. –Report the bill with a “do not pass” recommendation. –Report a committee bill as a substitute for a bill referred to it.

60. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 60 Chapter 12, Opener More than 2500 people serve congressional committees, offering expert advice on the content and politics associated with various bills. Their hard work includes research and presenting information on issues. Congressional Staffers

61. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 61 Chapter 12, Opener Scheduling Floor Debate A bill reported by a standing committee must be placed on one of five House calendars before it comes up for floor debate. The Rules Committee must then grant a rule to a bill, setting a time for it to appear on the floor. –By not granting a rule, the Committee can kill a bill. –Special rules can limit debate on a bill.

62. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 62 Chapter 12, Opener The Bill on the Floor Minor bills get a brief second reading and are passed or defeated. Major bills are addressed on the House floor by the Committee of the Whole, which consists of at least 100 members. –The House session is suspended as the Committee reads the bill section by section, debating and possibly amending each section. –The House then returns to session to adopt the completed bill.

63. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 63 Chapter 12, Opener House members must have unanimous consent to speak for more than an hour. The Speaker can force a member to give up the floor. Any member can move for an up-or-down vote on an issue at any time. Debate

64. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 64 Chapter 12, Opener Voting in the House Checkpoint: What are the four types of votes that the House can take? –Voice votes in which the Speaker counts the “yes” and “no” votes. –A standing vote, where those in favor and against are counted by the clerk. –A roll-call vote that goes member by member can be demanded by one fifth of the members present. –The rare teller vote has a teller count the votes for each party.

65. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 65 Chapter 12, Opener Voting in the House, cont. The House now uses a computerized voting system that shows instantly how each member has voted. –Members have 15 minutes to cast their votes or respond to quorum calls. –The Senate does not use electronic or teller votes. Once a bill is approved, it is printed and given a third and final reading before being sent to the other house.

66. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 66 Chapter 12, Opener Review Now that you have learned about what steps a successful bill follow as it moves through the House, go back and answer the Chapter Essential Question. –Can and should the lawmaking process be improved?

67. Chapter 12: Congress in Action Section 4

68. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 68 Chapter 12, Opener Objectives – I CAN: 1.Describe how a bill is introduced in the Senate. 2.Compare the Senate’s rules for debate with those in the House. 3.Describe the role of conference committees in the legislative process. 4.Evaluate the actions the President can take after both houses have passed a bill.

69. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 69 Chapter 12, Opener Key Terms filibuster: a tactic by which a minority of Senators seeks to delay or block Senate action on a measure cloture: a Senate rule limiting debate veto: to refuse to sign pocket veto: if Congress adjourns its session within 10 days of submitting a bill to the President that the President does not sign, the bill dies

70. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 70 Chapter 12, Opener Introduction What are the major differences in the lawmaking process in the House and the Senate? –The Senate has fewer rules limiting floor debate than the House. –The Senate also has the filibuster and the cloture rule, which allow the minority to block measures supported by the majority. –Finally, the Senate lacks the Rules Committee of the House.

71. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 71 Chapter 12, Opener The Senate Senate standing committees deal with bills in a similar way as the House of Representatives. However, the rules for Senate floor proceedings are less formal and strict than those of the House.

72. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 72 Chapter 12, Opener Debate in the Senate There are few limits on floor debate in the Senate. In general, a senator can speak on the floor as long as he or she pleases about any topic that he or she wants to. However, no senator may speak more than twice on the same question on the same day. Many Senate bills are debated under a unanimous consent agreement that limits the amount of floor debate.

73. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 73 Chapter 12, Opener The Filibuster A filibuster is a stalling tactic used by a minority of senators to talk a bill to death. Filibusterers try to take up so much floor time with speeches and other time-killing motions that the Senate has to drop or modify a bill to move forward. The Senate tries to beat filibusters by holding long daily sessions and enforcing strict rules to wear down talkers.

74. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 74 Chapter 12, Opener Strom Thurmond, right, holds the record for a filibuster, holding the floor for 24 hours and 18 minutes. Today most filibusters are team efforts, with senators taking turns. More than 300 measures have been killed by filibusters. The Filibuster, cont.

75. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 75 Chapter 12, Opener Cloture The Cloture rule was adopted in 1917 after a three week filibuster killed a measure related to World War I. Cloture allows debate to be limited by a special procedure that requires support by 60 senators. Only a third of the 600 attempts to invoke cloture have succeeded, so filibusters remain effective. Senators often oppose cloture to preserve free debate and the value of the filibuster.

76. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 76 Chapter 12, Opener Conference Committees Checkpoint: What usually happens when House and Senate versions of a bill are not identical? –A conference committee is formed to iron out the differences and create a compromise bill. –The committee members are usually leading members of the standing committees that handled the bill in each house.

77. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 77 Chapter 12, Opener It is rare for either house to reject a compromise bill approved by the conference committee. This rarity is due to the influence of the committee members and the fact that there is usually little time left in a session to consider the bill. Conference Committees, cont.

78. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 78 Chapter 12, Opener All bills that pass Congress are sent to the President, who can do one of four things: 1.Sign the bill into law. 2.Veto, or refuse to sign, the bill. 3.Let the bill become law by not signing it within 10 days. The President Acts

79. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 79 Chapter 12, Opener The President Acts, cont. 4.Kill a bill by using a pocket veto. If Congress adjourns its session within 10 days of submitting a bill that the President has not signed, it dies by pocket veto. –Congress can override a veto with a 2/3 majority of each house, but this is rare.

80. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 80 Chapter 12, Opener Members of Congress work hard to gather support and find cosponsors before they draft and submit a bill. Authors also tweak the wording of bills so that they will be steered to favorable committees. Review

81. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 81 Chapter 12, Opener A bill introduced in the House follows the 4 steps shown in the graphic and then moves on to the Senate. Bills are often referred to more than one standing committee for study and approval. How a Bill Becomes a Law, Pt. 1

82. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 82 Chapter 12, Opener The House majority party often uses the Rules Committee to advance its agenda. This committee can restrict floor debate about a bill or even bypass standing committees and bring a bill directly to the floor for a vote. The Rules Committee

83. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 83 Chapter 12, Opener How a Bill Becomes a Law, Pt. 2 A bill introduced in the Senate begins with steps 5-7 and then moves to the House. –How does the lawmaking process for the Senate differ from that of the House?

84. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 84 Chapter 12, Opener Steps 8-9 are often not needed, as a bill approved by one house is often left unchanged by the second. The threat of a veto is often enough to block or force changes in a proposed bill. How a Bill Becomes a Law, Pt. 3

85. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 85 Chapter 12, Opener Review Now that you have learned about the major differences in the lawmaking process between the House and the Senate, go back and answer the Chapter Essential Question. –Can and should the lawmaking process be improved?