1. Higher Supported Study – Week 4 Soaps, Detergents and Emulsions Fragrances and Skin Care

2. Key Areas – Soaps Production of soaps Structure of soap ions How soap work How detergent work Detergent in hard water areas An emulsion contains small droplets of one liquid dispersed in another liquid. Structure and use of emulsifiers

3. Production of Soap alkaline hydrolysis of fats and oils to form water-soluble ionic salts called soaps.

4. Covalent vs Ionic

6. How Soaps Work

8. Soap Vs Detergent Soap the head is a carboxylate ion Carboxylate ion forms a precipitate with Ca 2+ /Mg 2+ ions found in hard water areas – Scum Detergent the head is something else (e.g. sulfonate ion) Detergents are particularly useful in hard water areas because they do not form scum

9. Specimen

10. 2012 Qu 9

11. Specimen

12. Specimen paper

14. Emulsions An emulsion contains small droplets of one liquid dispersed in another liquid. Emulsions in food are mixtures of oil and water.

15. Emulsifiers To prevent oil and water components separating into layers, a soap-like molecule known as an emulsifier is added.

16. Structure of Emulsifier made by reacting edible oils with glycerol to form molecules in which either one or two fatty acid groups are linked to a glycerol backbone (rather than the three fatty acid chains normally found in edible oils)

17. Structure of Emulsifier made by reacting edible oils with glycerol to form molecules in which either one or two fatty acid groups are linked to a glycerol backbone (rather than the three fatty acid chains normally found in edible oils)

18. Emulsifier Structure

19. Key Areas - Fragrances Essential Oils Terpenes

20. Essential Oils concentrated extracts from plants which are – volatile, – non-water soluble – aroma compounds – Mixtures of organic compounds Used in perfumes, cosmetic products, cleaning products flavourings in foods.

21. Terpenes key components in most essential oils. components in a wide variety of fruit and floral flavours and aromas. oxidised within plants to produce some of the compounds responsible for the distinctive aroma of spices.

22. Terpene Structure Terpenes are unsaturated compounds formed by joining together isoprene units 2- methylbuta-1,3-diene C 5 H 8

23. r2013

24. Key Area – Skin Care Effect of UV light on skin Skin cream Free Radical formation Chain reactions Free radical scavengers

25. Effect of UV light on skin Ultraviolet radiation (UV) is a high-energy form of light, present in sunlight. Exposure to UV light can result in molecules gaining energy for bonds to be broken. This is the process responsible for sunburn and also contributes to aging of the skin

26. Effect of Sun cream Sun-block products prevent UV light reaching the skin.

27. Free Radical Formation When UV light breaks bonds, free radicals are formed. Free radicals have unpaired electrons and, as a result, are highly reactive.

29. Chain Reactions Initiation Propagation Termination. Recognise initiation, propagation and termination steps of a free radical chain reaction. Be able to write equations for these steps given relevant information

32. Free Radical Scavengers Molecules which can react with free radicals to form stable molecules and prevent chain reactions. Many cosmetic products contain free radical scavengers; Free radical scavengers are also added to food products and to plastics.

33. Specimen