1. Biochemistry Review The four polymers/macromolecules/biomolecules

2. Subatomic particles Proton – positive charge; in nucleus Neutron – no charge; in nucleus Electron – negative charge; in electron cloud / orbital / energy level

3. Ions vs. Atoms Ions have a charge. Can be positive or negative. If positive, then ion has fewer electrons than protons. If negative, then ion has more electrons than protons. Atoms are neutral. Protons = electrons

4. Bonds Covalent bonds Form between two nonmetals Ex. H 2 O, CO2, C 6 H 12 O 6 Ionic bonds Form between a metal and a nonmetal Ex. NaCl

5. Chemical Reactions Simple formula: reactant(s)  product(s) Activation energy – energy needed to make the reaction go. Like taking the car out of park or turning on the oven. Ex. photosynthesis 6H 2 O + 6CO 2  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Ex. aerobic respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6H 2 O + 6CO 2

6. Organic vs. Inorganic Organic Living or was once living Always contains carbon Ex. plant, animal, sugar (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Inorganic Never lived Can contain carbon Ex. CO 2, gases, water, light, metal, rock

7. pH Scale 0-14 0-6: acid = lots of H+ (hydronium or hydrogen ions) More H+ = closer to 0 7: neutral = H+ same as OH- 8-14: base = lots of OH- (hydroxide ions) More OH- = closer to 14

8. 1. Carbohydrates Monomer: monosaccharide Structure Contain C, H, and O Most with 5 or 6 C’s Can be branched or a long chain Function Provide chemical energy for cells Plant cell structure Examples: fruits, grains, starches, glycogen, cellulose

9. 2. Lipids Monomer: fatty acid Structure C, H, and O Glycerol head and fatty acid tails (C and H bonded) Phospholipid: phosphate (PO4) head and 2 fatty acid tails Function Usable energy for cell Make up cell membranes Make hormones to regulate stress, sexual development, and repro. System Examples: fats, oils, cholesterol

10. 3. Proteins Monomer: amino acid Structure Contain C, H, O, N, and sometimes S (sulfur) C atom bonded to 4 other parts: H, amino group (NH2), carboxyl group (COOH), and R-group (different for each amino acid) Peptide bonds link amino acids Function Used in movement, eyesight, and digestion Allows red blood cells to transport O2 Examples: 20 different amino acids (see p. 244) like valine, leucine, glycine, and histidine.

11. 4. Nucleic Acids Monomer: nucleotide Structure extremely long C-based molecule sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), phosphate group, and N-containing base (A, C, T, G = DNA and A, U, C, G = RNA) Function Work to make proteins (DNA has instructions on how to link amino acids, and RNA helps build proteins Examples: DNA and RNA

12. Enzymes Biological catalysts = they speed up chemical reactions Reduce activation energy, so reaction can happen faster Some reactions won’t occur without a catalyst, because they will never have enough energy Enzymes are specific to their substrate Like a lock and key: the enzyme fits perfectly into its substrate just like a key fits perfectly into its lock. Wrong key, door won’t open; wrong enzyme and reactants won’t be put together to make the products.

13. Water Chemical formula: H 2 O Cohesion: water sticks to water; allows water to flow; reason why water can get from the roots to the top of 500 ft. trees Adhesion: water sticks to other things Polar molecule: The Hydrogen end is slightly positive and Oxygen end in slightly negative, giving water poles (like the north and south side of a magnet)

14. ATP Energy molecule Energy is stored in the phosphate-phosphate bonds Energy is released as the bond is broken ADP  ATP requires energy (goes from 2 phosphate bonds to 3) ATP  ADP releases energy (goes from 3 bonds to 2)