1. Satyanarayana Bheesette Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, INDIA (For INO Collaboration) INO: India-based Neutrino Observatory ICAL: (Magnetised) Iron Calorimeter

2.  Introduction  New site for INO  RPC development and update  Work on gas systems and studies  Design of electronics for the ICAL detector  Summary and future outlook S. Bheesette, Tata Institute, Mumbai IDS-NF Fifth Plenary Meeting, Fermilab April 09, 20102

3.  Using atmospheric neutrinos as the source  Reconfirm atmospheric neutrino oscillation  Improved measurement of oscillation parameters  Search for potential matter effect in neutrino oscillation  Determining the sign of  m 2 23 using matter effect  Measuring deviation from maximal mixing for  23  Probing CP and CPT violation  Constraining long range leptonic forces  Ultra high energy neutrinos and muons  Beam from neutrino factories  7,100km from CERN – Magic baseline distance! S. Bheesette, Tata Institute, Mumbai IDS-NF Fifth Plenary Meeting, Fermilab April 09, 20103

4.  Source of neutrinos  Use atmospheric neutrinos as source  Need to cover a large L/E range ▪ Large L range ▪ Large E range  Physics driven detector requirements  Should have large target mass (50kTons)  Good tracking and energy resolution (tracking calorimeter)  Good directionality (~1nSec time resolution)  Charge identification capability (magnetic field)  Modularity and ease of construction  Cost and time considerations  Compliment capabilities of existing and proposed detectors  Use magnetised iron as target mass and RPC as active detector medium  Source of neutrinos  Use atmospheric neutrinos as source  Need to cover a large L/E range ▪ Large L range ▪ Large E range  Physics driven detector requirements  Should have large target mass (50kTons)  Good tracking and energy resolution (tracking calorimeter)  Good directionality (~1nSec time resolution)  Charge identification capability (magnetic field)  Modularity and ease of construction  Cost and time considerations  Compliment capabilities of existing and proposed detectors  Use magnetised iron as target mass and RPC as active detector medium S. Bheesette, Tata Institute, Mumbai IDS-NF Fifth Plenary Meeting, Fermilab April 09, 20104

5. 5 Vertical rock coverage: 1300m 4000mm  2000mm low carbon iron slab Magnet coils RPC handling trolleys Total weight: 50Ktons

6. S. Bheesette, Tata Institute, Mumbai IDS-NF Fifth Plenary Meeting, Fermilab April 09, 20106

7. Location map (Southern IndiaThe INO hill as exists today 7 S. Bheesette, Tata Institute, Mumbai IDS-NF Fifth Plenary Meeting, Fermilab April 09, 2010

8. 8 Location: 110km from Madurai, 40 km from Theni. Geotechnical features: Rock quality is good in general. Cavern set in massive charnockite under the 1589 peak. Vertical cover approximately 1289 metres. Tunnel length 1.91 km. Environmental issues: Minimal disturbance if at all. Portal set in scrub forest just inside the RF boundary. No wildlife sanctuary nearby. Weather: Low rainfall area, humidity low throughout the year. Slightly higher ambient temperature. Unusual wind speeds. Regarded as human comfort zone. Infrastructure: Water and Power are issues but do not appear to be serious.

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11. S. Bheesette, Tata Institute, Mumbai IDS-NF Fifth Plenary Meeting, Fermilab April 09, 2010 11 Amplified RPC signal Efficiency plateau of an RPC Charge distribution Timing distribution

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13. S. Bheesette, Tata Institute, Mumbai IDS-NF Fifth Plenary Meeting, Fermilab April 09, 201013 Temperature Strip noise rate profile Strip noise rate histogram Temperature dependence on noise rate

14. S. Bheesette, Tata Institute, Mumbai IDS-NF Fifth Plenary Meeting, Fermilab April 09, 201014 RPC Id HV(KV) Mean(nS) Sigma(nS) RelMean(nS) RelSigma(nS) AB06 09.8 49.53 2.06 -7.64 1.41 JB00 09.6 46.00 2.32 -4.47 1.67 IB01 09.8 42.31 2.15 -0.64 1.63 JB01 09.6 42.55 2.28 -0.87 1.58 JB03 09.8 43.75 2.26 -2.18 1.44 IB02 09.8 38.49 2.31 3.27 1.38 AB02 09.8 42.77 2.53 -1.21 1.51 AB01 09.8 35.30 2.16 6.33 1.71 AB03 09.8 45.82 3.23 -4.55 1.99 AB04 09.8 41.66 2.42 Reference RPC AB07 09.8 40.61 2.47 0.96 1.35 AB08 09.8 41.56 2.80 0.31 1.82 RPC Id HV(KV) Mean(nS) Sigma(nS) RelMean(nS) RelSigma(nS) AB06 09.8 49.53 2.06 -7.64 1.41 JB00 09.6 46.00 2.32 -4.47 1.67 IB01 09.8 42.31 2.15 -0.64 1.63 JB01 09.6 42.55 2.28 -0.87 1.58 JB03 09.8 43.75 2.26 -2.18 1.44 IB02 09.8 38.49 2.31 3.27 1.38 AB02 09.8 42.77 2.53 -1.21 1.51 AB01 09.8 35.30 2.16 6.33 1.71 AB03 09.8 45.82 3.23 -4.55 1.99 AB04 09.8 41.66 2.42 Reference RPC AB07 09.8 40.61 2.47 0.96 1.35 AB08 09.8 41.56 2.80 0.31 1.82

15. S. Bheesette, Tata Institute, Mumbai IDS-NF Fifth Plenary Meeting, Fermilab April 09, 201015 Impact position distribution Tomography of the RPC Hit position residue distribution Hit multiplicity distribution

16. S. Bheesette, Tata Institute, Mumbai IDS-NF Fifth Plenary Meeting, Fermilab April 09, 2010 16 Time offset measurement  measurement

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18. S. Bheesette, Tata Institute, Mumbai IDS-NF Fifth Plenary Meeting, Fermilab April 09, 2010 18 Front-end electronics

19. S. Bheesette, Tata Institute, Mumbai IDS-NF Fifth Plenary Meeting, Fermilab April 09, 201019 V-I characteristics Efficiency plateau Noise rate linearity Noise rate profile

20. S. Bheesette, Tata Institute, Mumbai IDS-NF Fifth Plenary Meeting, Fermilab April 09, 2010 Preamplifier pulse shots Pulse height distribution Mean pulse height from the RPC: 2.5-3mV 20

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22. 22 Chamber current Efficiency Signal charge Time resolution Time response Noise rate

23. S. Bheesette, Tata Institute, Mumbai IDS-NF Fifth Plenary Meeting, Fermilab April 09, 2010 23 F ront view Internal view Rear view

24. S. Bheesette, Tata Institute, Mumbai IDS-NF Fifth Plenary Meeting, Fermilab April 09, 2010 24 Purification unit Condensation unit Prototype unit

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28. S. Bheesette, Tata Institute, Mumbai IDS-NF Fifth Plenary Meeting, Fermilab April 09, 2010 28 Vernier method with two start-able oscillators

29. S. Bheesette, Tata Institute, Mumbai IDS-NF Fifth Plenary Meeting, Fermilab April 09, 201029  Developed indigenously and optimised all the materials, assembly jigs and processes required for large area RPCs.  Developed electrode paints and built the gas systems.  Routinely building and successfully operating dozens of 1m 2 RPCs.  Designed, built and commissioned RPC detector stack, electronics, trigger, data acquisition and on-line monitoring systems.  Analysed all the prototype detector data and presented and published results at national and international meetings and in journals.  And finally, successfully built and characterised 2m × 2m RPCs.

30.  The prototype detector stack will be used to test long-term stability of RPCs and for validation of ICAL electronics.  Detailed studies using the prototype detector stack will continue. Exploiting the data for physics analysis is also being explored.  ICAL electronics using front-end ASICs and timing devices is in full swing.  Gas recirculation prototype system is being tested and optimised, before trying to build a large scale version of the same for ICAL detector.  Optimisation of RPC fabrication as well as QC procedures are in the process and tendering for large scale production is underway.  Precision studies on the RPC timing capabilities, cross-talk, signal pickup schemes and their characterisation need to continue. These studies will significantly influence the design of front-end electronics.  Device level simulations of RPC were initiated.  Validation of the results from the simulation studies using the measured values will provide the confidence needed for large scale deployment of RPCs for ICAL detector. S. Bheesette, Tata Institute, Mumbai IDS-NF Fifth Plenary Meeting, Fermilab April 09, 201030