1. Three Domains of Life
Archea have classified Kingdoms; Bacteria do not (yet)
On the contrary, Eukaryota is composed of well-defined Kingdoms including Plants, Fungus and Animals; the exception is Protists which we’ll discover are not monophyletic and include groups that are similar in design, but not in evolutionary processes

2. Eukaryotic origin of cells
The nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum of eukaryotic cells arose from an infolding of the prokaryotic cell membrane

3. Sound familiar???
Other eukaryotic organelles originated from symbiotic prokaryotes
Mitochondria were once heterotrophic prokaryotes
Chloroplasts were once photosynthetic prokaryotes
Each has its own DNA and a double membrane

4. Domain Eukarya
Remember, all eukaryotic cells have a nucleus (the one exception are red blood cells) and complex organelles
Eukaryotic organelles can either be autotrophic or heterotrophic, may be unicellular or multicellular, and may reproduce asexually or sexually
So how do we distinguish amongst them?

5. Domain Eukarya consists of Kingdoms Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista
Protista is like the black sheep of the eukarya family
All unicellular

6. Kingdom Protista Eukaryotic
Largely unicellular with multicellular ‘exceptions’
May be autotrophic or heterotrophic
Multicellular protists are distinguished from other Kingdoms by their lack of specialized tissues
Debate over classification

7. Kingdom Protista
Who here eats seaweed?

8. Kingdom Fungi

9. Kingdom Fungi Eukaryotic Heterotrophic; Important decomposers
Unicellular and multicellular
Includes many disease-causing organisms
Others are important symbionts and fermenting organisms

10. Kingdom Fungi Cell walls are composed of chitin
All fungi are heterotrophic
Obtain their food by secreting digestive enzymes and absorbing the nutrients released by the enzymes
Multi-cellular fungi consist of long, slender filaments, which grow through and digest its substrate (Fungi live in their food!)
Chitin: what crab shells are made of; a polysaccharide (carbohydrate)

13. Kingdom Fungi
The long filaments (called hyphae) can form complex structures
A mushroom is a spore-bearing body composed of hyphae

14. Kingdom Fungi
Spores can withstand degradation and survive for long periods of time, and because of their size, they can travel long distances
Example: Chestnut Blight; a fungal disease which has virtually eliminated the American chestnut
Accidentally introduced into the U.S. on imported lumber from Asia
Unknown spreading agent (the spores are everywhere!)

15. …Jack Frost nippin’ at your nose…
The American chestnut once covered large tracts of forest in the U.S.
The chestnut was a very important source of food for wildlife (and the inspiration for at least 1 Christmas song…)
1/4th of eastern American trees were Chestnuts, incredibly important for wildlife, only a few surviving – trying to breed resistant (Asian) chestnuts with American to save and restore; cankers caused by fungus cause limb to crack

16. The Chestnut Blight
Only a few mature survivors remain of the American Chestnut, which once consisted of 4 billion trees (that’s over 99.99% gone)
If you have ever eaten a chestnut, you are eaten a European import; only our grandparents may have ever tasted an American chestnut
The American Chestnut Foundation seeks to restore the great chestnut, but how?

17. The Chestnut Blight
Development of blight-resistant American chestnuts is accomplished through a process known as “backcross breeding”
Hybrids between American and Chinese chestnuts are repeatedly crossed back onto purely American specimens, yielding offspring which are blight- resistant
The resulting offspring are ~94% American (6% Chinese) and disease-resistant

18. Why did the mushroom go to the party? Because he was a fungi…
Many fungi live underground, and can reach great sizes
One of the largest living organisms in the world is a fungus!
The largest known specimen covers more than 3.4 square miles and is thousands of years old
And some species of fungi are bioluminescent!
Believed to be 2400 years old

19. Connected underground by hyphae!
Armillaria fungus
Honey fungus feeds on bark
Connected underground by hyphae!

20. Fungal symbioses
A lichen is a symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner (usually green algae or cyanobacteria)
Inhabit extreme environments – arctic tundra, hot deserts, rocky coasts, rainforests;widespread and long-lived, but subject to environmental disturbance (melanism!)

21. Fungal symbioses
~90% of all known species of vascular plants are involved in symbiotic associations with fungi
The long hyphae of the fungi function as an extension of the plant root system; increasing surface area for absorption of nutrients; very important!
The plant, in return, supplies organic carbon to the fungus
92% of trees, makes less vulnerable to droughts

22. And just in case you didn’t believe me…
I don’t think the smurfs are bioluminescent though!

23. Kingdom Plantae Eukaryotic All multi-cellular
Cell walls made of cellulose
Autotrophic

24. Kingdom Plantae Some plants produce seeds
Embryo of plant develops inside protective seed
Seed protects embryo from drought, aids in its dispersal, and creates a dormant stage, that allows the embryo to survive until environmental conditions are favorable for growth (why sunflower seeds don’t grow into sunflowers in their packages, but they will if you water them!)

26. Seed dispersal
nationalzoo.si.edu/AnimalsBackyardBiology/UrbanNatureWatch/Watches/PlantAdap...ersal.cfm

27. Kingdom Plantae
Seeds may be produced ‘naked’, or be produced by flowering plants
Plants with naked seeds are called Gymnosperms
Flowering plants are called Angiosperms

28. Angiosperms produce flowers
Can be perfect or imperfect (male and female together or male or female, respectively)
The ovary later develops into a fruit

29. The flower is designed (evolved) to attract pollinators (or to aid in wind dispersal)

30. Kingdom Animalia Eukaryotic Multicellular (unlike most Protists)
Lack cell walls (unlike Plants)
Heterotrophic, by ingestion
– Animals obtain their nourishment by ingesting other organisms (unlike Fungi)
Lack rigid cell walls; fungi absorb their nutrients by excreting enzymes into the substrate

31. Kingdom Animalia Most animals are mobile
Sexual reproduction dominates, but some simple animals can reproduce asexually (e.g., Hydra)
Animals have tissues; cells are organized into structurally functional tissues
Except sponges, sessile animals have muscle fibers for movement in sudden or short bursts
Sexual repro – haploid cells do not divide by mitosis first; no gametophyte, no sporophytic generations
Tissues – to perform a specific function

32. Kingdom Animalia Animals include Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds
Mammals
And many invertebrates (insects, crustaceans, jellyfish, sponges, etc)

33. Want to learn more???
Become a BIO major and take my BIO 152 class!!!

34. So long and thanks for all the fish…
Thanks for listening!!!
How penguins pose for my photographs in Antarctica