1. By: Alexander M. Koch, Pedro M. Antunes, E. Kathryn Barto, Don Cipollini, Daniel L. Mummey and John N. Klironomos Biological Invasions, 2011 Matt Sanford Nov. 21, 2011 Advisor: Drs. Fred Schnee and Aditi Sinha

2.  Alliaria Petiolata  Invasive herb  Native from Europe Medicinal herb  Invasive properties  Fast growth  No predators  Ease of spreading http://dnr.wi.gov/invasive s/fact/images/alliap01.jpg http://plants.usda.gov/maps/large/AL/ALPE4.png

3.  Form major symbiosis with plants  Supplies water and other nutrients to plants  Glomus intraradices  Commercially used  Globally distributed http://www.graniteseed.com/images/mycorrhiza101[3].jpg http://www.agro-genesis.com/pics/cropscience_rhizogold1.jpg

4.  A decrease of AM fungal hyphae density (growth)  That the Canadian AM fungus would be more decreased than its Swiss counterpart

5.  In vitro study  Tested using different concentrations of garlic mustard extract vs. AM fungus  Measured density of Hyphae and how quickly it grew  Ran ANOVA tests for significance http://www4.agr.gc.ca/resources/prod/img/science/images/ginco/ginco- 05-2008-an_p03_0002.jpg

6.  Decreased root growth as concentration of extract increased  P<0.01

7.  Two isolates differed when maximal growth occurred  P<0.01

8.  Garlic mustard had a significant effect on:  Root colonization  Growth  Effected the Canadian AM fungus more than the Swiss.

9.  To find if garlic mustard has antibacterial/medicinal properties  Test the rate of inhibition of garlic mustard against varying bacteria in petri dishes

10.  Burke, David J. and Charlotte R Chan. (2010). Effects of the Invasive plant garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) on bacterial communities in a northern hardwood forest soil. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 56: 81-86.  Cipollini, Don. (2002). Variation in the expression of chemical defenses in Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae) in the field and common garden. American Journal of Botany, Vol. 89: 1422-1430.  Dorning, Monica and Don Cipollini. (2006). Leaf and root extracts of invasive shrub, Lonicera maaskii, inhibit seed germination of three herbs with no autotoxic effects. Plant Ecology, Vol. 184: 287-296.  Koch, Alexander M., Pedro M. Antunes, E. Kathryn Barto, Don Cipollini, Daniel L. Mummey, and John N. Klironomos. (2011). The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal and garlic mustard introductions on native AM fungal diversity. Biological Invasions, Vol. 13: 1627-1639.  Kumarasamy, Y., M. Bryes, P. J. Cox, A. Delazar, M. Jaspers, L. Nahar, M. Shoeb and S. D. Sarker. (2004). Isolation, Structure Elucidation, and Biological Activity of Flavone 6-C-Glycosides. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Vol. 40: 122-128.  Meekins, J. Forrest and Brian C. McCarthy. (1999). Competitive Ability of Alliaria Petiolata (Garlic Mustard, Brassicaceae), an Invasive, Nonindigenous Forest Herb. International Journal of Plant Science, Vol. 160: 743-752.  Prati, Daniel and Oliver Bossdorf. (2004). Allelopathic Inhibition of Germination by Alliaria Petiolata (Brassicaceae). American journal of Botany, Vol. 91: 285-288.  Roberts, Karl J. and Roger C. Anderson. (2001). Effect of Garlic Mustard [Alliaria petiolata (Beib. Cavara & Grande)] Extracts on Plants and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi. American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 146: 146-152.  Vaughn, Steven F. and Mark A. Berhow. (1999). Allelochemicals isolated from tissues of the invasive weed garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata). Journal of Chemical Ecology, Vol. 25: 2495-2504.  Wolfe, Benjamin E. and John N. Klironomos. (2005). Breaking New Ground: Soil Communities and Exotic Plant Invasion. BioScience, Vol 55: 477-487.  Wolfe, Benjamin E., Vikki L. Rodgers, Kristina A. Stinson and Anne Pringle. (2008). The invasive plant Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) inhibits ectomycorrihizal fungi in its introduces range. Journal of Ecology, Vol. 96: 777-783.

12.  Chemicals  Glucosinolates Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) Benzyl isothiocyanate (BzITC)  6 carbon Glycosides Isoorientin Swertiajaponin Swertisin isoscoparin-2¢¢-b-D-glucopyranoside

14.  Negatively affected levels of root colonization  P<0.05