1. Scientific Revolution Emily Pleasants Hickory Ridge High School AP European History

2. Introduction ► The Scientific Revolution in early modern European History brought about a dramatic shift in the way that scientists described the universe and the place of earth within it. Scientific Revolution Scientific Revolution ► Discoveries in astronomy, mathematics, and physics contributed to this shift in worldview and led to conflict with long-held beliefs, both scientific and religious.

3. ► Reaction to the Renaissance – re- examination/re-thinking of theories & data from the ancient world & late middle ages ► 16 th -18 th Centuries ► Science as an informal process, crude instruments  Drew aid from artisans & craftsmen to construct new instruments for experimentation  Much of scientific discovery took place outside the university system

4. Voltaire on Superstition “Almost everything that goes beyond the adoration of a Supreme Being and submission of the heart to his orders is superstition. One of the most dangerous is to believe that certain ceremonies entail the forgiveness of crimes. Do you believe that God will forget a murder you have committed if you bathe in a certain river, sacrifice a black sheep, or if someone says certain words over you? …Do better miserable humans; have neither murders nor sacrifices of black sheep… Notice that the most superstitious ages have always been those of the most horrible crimes…The superstitious man is ruled by fanatics and he becomes one himself. On the whole, the less superstition, the less fanaticism, and the less fanaticism, the fewer miseries.” From Voltaire’s Dictionnaire Philosophique, 1776

5. Prominent Figures of the Scientific Revolution ► Nicolaus Copernicus ► Galileo Galilei ► Tycho Brahe ► Johannes Kepler ► Isaac Newton ► Rene Descartes ► Francis Bacon

6. Ptolemaic Universe

8. Copernican Universe

9. How did they know? New Scientific Instruments Galileo’s Telescope

10. Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion

11. Women in the Scientific Revolution ► Women were by and large excluded from science and medicine, even the midwifery profession that had been dominated by women!

12. Women in the Scientific Revolution ► Margaret Canvendish (1623-1673)  Duchess of Newcastle  Observations upon Experimental Philosophy, Grounds of Natural Philosophy

13. ► Maria Sibylla Merian (1647-1717)  Entomology- observation & illustration of plants & insects  1699- expedition to Suriname, Metamorphosis of the Insects of Suriname

14. ► Maria Winkelmann (1670-1720)  Astronomer, trained by father and uncle  Married astronomer, Gottfried Kirch  1702- discovered comet, not contributed to her until 1930  Assisted both husband & son @ Berlin Academy of Science

15. Science vs. Religion ► Benedict Spinoza (1632-1677) – Dutch Philosopher  PANTHEISM (MONISM)= God is the universe; all that is, is in God; Nothing can be apart from God.  Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometrical Manner

16. ► Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)  French scientist, mathematician  Invented calculating machine, theory of probability  Aimed at uniting science & Christianity  Pensees (Thoughts) published after death – God is good bet! If He exists, we all win, if He doesn’t we lose nothing.