1. Mid Term Review

2. 1.What is pre-history? Period in history before writing was invented

3. 2.Where is the Great Rift Valley? Why is it an important location? Located in Africa. Believed to be the area where humans first appeared in Africa. Lucy discovered there. Mary & Louis Leakey- anthropologists.

4. 3. What are the features/elements/characteristics of a civilization? 3. What are the features/elements/characteristics of a civilization? 1.Cities 2.Centralized Government 3.Public works 4.System of writing 5.Organized religion 6.Job specialization 7.Art & Architecture 8.Social Classes

5. 4.What was the Neolithic Revolution? Change from hunting and gathering lifestyle (nomadic) to a farming lifestyle People learned to farm

6. 5. What is subsistence agriculture? Producing just enough for basic needs and survival- for your own family (no surplus)

7. 6. What is surplus agriculture? Producing extra amounts, allows population to grow.

8. 7. What is produced in a traditional economic system? Agriculture, farming Generation after generation doing the same job Usually providing for yourself most of what you need

9. 8.Why did civilizations begin in river valleys? Good soil- fertile Allows surplus crops- population grows Transportation, irrigation, etc.

10. 9. What is cultural diffusion? Spread of ideas through trade, migration, and warfare

11. 10. What does an archaeologist study? Studies artifacts to learn about cultures

12. 11. What does a geographer study? Studies people and their interaction with environment.

13. 12. What does an anthropologist study? Studies people and culture

14. 13. What does an economist study? Studies how people use the resources available to them.

15. 14. What are primary sources? First hand accounts of information. Examples: journal or diary entries.

16. 15.Why were the ancient Egyptians successful in agriculture? Nile River Valley- good, fertile land Irrigation systems

17. 16. What was the form of writing used by ancient Egyptians? Hieroglyphics

18. 17. What two rivers provided resources for the people of Mesopotamia? Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

19. 18. What was the form of writing used by ancient Mesopotamians called? Cuneiform- wedge-shaped writing on clay tablets

20. 19. What was Hammurabi’s Code? First written set of laws Legal system with harsh punishments Fair for all

21. 20. What was the Phoenician civilization know for? Carriers of Civilization- trade and travel around the Mediterranean Sea. Created alphabet, glass

22. 21. What rivers provided for India’s first civilization? Indus River and Ganges River

23. 22. How did seasonal monsoons affect India? Helped with agriculture. Hurt if caused flooding. Timing and amount mattered!

24. 23. What was unique about the Indus valley cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro? Well-planned out: cities were formed in grid patterns sewage systems

25. 24. What was the caste system in India? Social class system Can’t change your position in life until after reincarnation

26. 25. What is a golden age? Time of peace and prosperity Many achievements

27. 26. What were some of the achievements of the Gupta Golden Age in India? Gupta = Golden Age Decimal System Concept of Zero Vaccines Surgery Wrote Books Architectural Achievements

28. 27. Who was Asoka and what was important about his rule? Ruler in India- conquered vast amounts of land Converted to Buddhism

29. 28. Where were the earliest Chinese civilizations located? Huang He River (or Yellow River)

30. 29. What geographic barriers led to China being more isolated than other civilizations? Isolated by: Mountains Ocean Jungles Desert

31. 30. What is ethnocentrism? Why did this develop in China? Belief that your culture is superior to all other culture. Chinese were very isolated, believed for a long time that they were the only people on the earth.

32. 31. What were the major beliefs of Confucius? 5 Relationships Son obeys father Younger brother obeys older brother Wife obeys her husband Subject obeys ruler Friend to friend Filial Piety Leaders must be well educated

33. 32. What were the basic beliefs of Taoism/Daoism? Best government is no government Government is not natural, causes more problems than it helps

34. 33.What were the basic beliefs of Legalism? Strict laws and harsh punishments are the only way to govern People are naturally evil, need to be governed

35. 34.What was the dynastic cycle in China? Rise and fall of dynasties (ruling families) Dynasty ages and loses mandate of heaven New dynasty takes over

36. 35.Why was the Silk Road important? Served as a trade route between China and the West Silk becomes a major export in China

37. Greece

38. 36. What was similar about the Minoans and Mycenaean's? Sea trade and travel Earliest Greek civilizations

39. 37.What geographic features isolated the city-states of ancient Greece? Mountains/islands isolated Harbors and seas promote trade

40. 38. What occurred during the Golden Age of Greece? Advances in art, science, technology, architecture. Pericles was the leader

41. 39. What kind of government did ancient Athens practice? Direct democracy- all citizens had the right to attend the Assembly All male citizens could vote

42. 40. What was Sparta best known for? Warfare Highly trained military

43. 41. What were the major long- term contributions of ancient Greece that are still used today in the United States? Democracy Use of architecture- columns

44. 42. Why was Alexander the Great an important figure? Spread of Greek culture Conquered lands in Europe, Asia, Africa

45. 43. What was the Hellenistic Civilization? Blend of Greek, Persian, Egyptian culture by Alex the Great

46. Rome

47. 44. What culture did Rome borrow many beliefs and teachings from? Greek Civilization

48. 45. What were the Twelve Tables of Rome? System of laws that were written down. Protected the rights of the accused.

49. 46. What was Rome’s greatest contribution to western society? Legal System- 12 Tables of Rome

50. 47. What were the types of government in the Roman Empire? Republic Empire

51. 48. What happened to society after the fall of the Roman Empire? Chaos in Rome, disorder, the empire splits Dark Ages in Europe

52. 49. What were the major reasons for the decline of the Roman Empire? Too large to rule over Corruption in the government Invasion

53. 50. What cultural impact did Greece and Rome have on western civilization? Government System of Laws Architecture

54. 51. What was the Pax Romana? Roman Peace- Golden Age

55. Americas

56. 52. What were the major influences left by the Mayas? Polytheistic- rituals Scientific knowledge Advances in art and architecture

57. 53. What were the major influences left by the Aztec? Polytheistic- rituals to please the gods Advances in science- farming: chinampas Adapted to their geography Skilled warriors

58. 54. What were the major influences left by the Incas? Adapted to the geography- Andes Mountains (Terrace Farming) System of roads and communication Scientific knowledge Many gods- rituals to please them

59. 55. What was similar about the civ of Americas? All developed in difficult terrain- NOT RIVER VALLEYS Advanced civilizations Polytheistic

60. 56. What was the early belief of animism? Belief that all objects, people and animals had a spirit. Earliest spiritual beliefs, not a formal religion. Cave paintings, buried dead with care- first clues.

61. 57. What is polytheism? Belief in many gods. Example: Hinduism

62. 57. What is monotheism? Belief in only one god Ex: Judaism

63. 58. What were the major beliefs of Judaism? Monotheistic Torah is the holy text 10 Commandments

64. 59. What were the major beliefs of Hinduism? Polytheistic Dharma, Karma, Moksha Reincarnation Caste System Vedas and Upanishads are holy texts Meditation

65. 60. What were the major beliefs of Buddhism? Siddhartha Gautama is the founder Meditation Peaceful 4 Noble Truths 8 Fold Path Reincarnation Nirvana

66. 61. What were the major beliefs of Christianity? Monotheistic Believe Jesus is the Son of God Bible is the holy text 10 Commandments Can gain salvation

67. 62. What were the similarities between Buddhism and Hinduism? Both emerge in India Idea of reincarnation Meditation

68. 63. What were the similarities between Christianity and Judaism? Same god Monotheism 10 Commandments Heaven and Hell