1. Unit 1 Biological Principles

2. What is Biology? Bio= Life ology= Study of Divisions of Biology
Botany: Study of Plants
Zoology: Study of Animals
Microbiology: Study of small organisms
Genetics: Study of heredity
Evolution: Study of change over time
Ecology: Study of organisms and their environments

3. Functions of all living things
Nutrition: Getting food
Digestion: Changing food to useable form
Absorption: Getting water, ions and food from the environment
Biosynthesis: Using food to make new organic molecules
Respiration: Breaking down food to release energy
Excretion: Separation of waste from body tissues

4. Secretion: Making special chemicals that affect other cells
Response: Change due to stimulus (light, heat, pressure) from environment. Ex: Locomotion
Reproduction: Cells dividing to make new cells (Mitosis)
Metabolism: Total of all chemical reactions that build up and tear down complex molecules (proteins, starch, sugar…etc).

5. What exactly is Science?
It is a body of knowledge that is constantly changing (dynamic)
The goal of Science is to understand principles
Science starts with data
Data= observations
Two types:
Quantitative: Uses numbers
“There are 5,000 cells in this sample”
Qualitative: Uses the senses
“There is black fungi growing on the bread”

6. Experimental Design
Inference: Making a statement based on what you know
Control Group: In an experiment, this is the group that is not changed
You always know the outcome for this group
Experimental Group: In an experiment, this is the group that is experimented on
This group is where you gather data to compare to the control group

7. Control: What does not change in an experiment
Independent variable: The part of the experiment that is controlled by the person doing the lab.
“I” control this variable
Dependant variable: The part of the experiment that changes depending on what the person does to the independent variable
Control: What does not change in an experiment

8. The Scientific Method
The method used in all scientific experimentation
Is a logical, step by step method for discovery

9. Observation: State the problem that you are trying to solve
Hypothesis: Create an “if/then” statement
If I put my hand in a beaker of boiling water, then it will burn me.
Experiment: Complete your experiment
Analysis: What did the experiment show you?
Did the experiment prove your hypothesis to be true?
New Hypothesis: If your hypothesis was proven false, create a new one depending on what you discovered
Experiment again!

10. Theories in Science
Theory: A possible explanation to a problem that is backed by evidence
Can be changed when new evidence is discovered
Examples: Theory of natural selection, germ theory
There is a difference between theory and fact!!

11. Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Organism
Organ System
Organ
Tissue
Cells

12. Biochemicals – Four organic molecules that are the basis for all organisms.
Cells: The smallest units of all living organisms. Have small parts called organelles.
Tissues: A group of cells that has the same function.
Organs: A group of tissues that works together to accomplish the same function
Organ systems: A group of organs that works to accomplish the same function
Organism: A group of organ systems

14. Population: individual group of species living in the same area
Community: all the different populations that live in a specific area
Ecosystem: all biotic and abiotic factors in an area
Biosphere: all organisms and the part of the earth where they exist

15. How do we measure in Science?
Metrically!
Base units:
Grams- Mass Measurement
Liter- Volume Measurement
Meter-Length Measurement
King Henry Died By Drinking Chocolate Milk

16. k h da g,l,m d c m Practice Problems: a. 90 cm= __________mm
Abbreviations k h da
g,l,m d c m
Prefix
Kilo
hecto
deka
base
deci
centi
milli
Meaning
1000
100 10 1 .1
.01
.001
Practice Problems:
a. 90 cm= __________mm
b. 60 mL= __________ cL
c mg= _________ g
d. 602m= __________mm
e. .51L= __________ mL

17. How do we see small objects?
The microscope!
Micro= small -Scope= to view
Magnification: The power to make objects larger
Resolution: The power to show details clearly
Specimen: What you are viewing

19. Objective Power Ocular Scanning 4 10 40 Low High Oil Immersion* 100
Total
Magnification
Scanning 4 10 40
Low
High
Oil Immersion*
100