1. The French and Indian War The Seven Years’ War

2. The War that Made America and began the dissolution of the British American Empire

3. Time, scope and sequence 1603 1763 1758 1755 1754 1750 1607 1776 French settle in Quebec English settle in Jamestown English & France dispute land claims in Canada and Ohio Valley English troops under Colonel George Washington march on Fort Dusquesne: French victory English troops under General Edward Braddock march on FD; French victory British begin to turn the tide with Pitt’s policies English and French sign Treaty of Paris Declaration of Independence

4. The Three Phases *Local Actions in North America *Begins with Fort Necessity *Both sides non- committal *Most action trying to capture forts *Begins with a for-real declaration of war *Touches off a true world war *Both sides commit more men and material *Britain decides to concentrate on North America *Britain invests HUGE amounts of money *Ends with a British Victory

6. Causes of the WAR Fur Trading Fur Trading Building of French forts Building of French forts Defeat at Fort Necessity in 1754 Defeat at Fort Necessity in 1754

7. George Washington First sign of Washington’s experience as he lead’s a retreat from Fort Duquesne after the general is killed. First sign of Washington’s experience as he lead’s a retreat from Fort Duquesne after the general is killed.

8. Power and Control France and England had been fighting for control of Europe for years. France and England had been fighting for control of Europe for years. The war was fought both in Europe and in the colonies. The war was fought both in Europe and in the colonies. First world war. First world war.

9. The Albany Conference Meeting in 1754 with seven colonies and Iroquois leaders in Albany, New York Meeting in 1754 with seven colonies and Iroquois leaders in Albany, New York Iroquois remain neutralIroquois remain neutral Britain appoint one commander in coloniesBritain appoint one commander in colonies Albany Plan of Union – colonies join together to form a federal government-not ratifiedAlbany Plan of Union – colonies join together to form a federal government-not ratified

10. This famous cartoon from Benjamin Franklin’s newspaper, the Pennsylvania Gazette, shortly before the Albany Congress in 1754.

12. War French get assistance from the Delaware French get assistance from the Delaware “…a number of Indians…took the man’s heart and cut it in tow and laid it on his neck…” “…a number of Indians…took the man’s heart and cut it in tow and laid it on his neck…”

13. William Trent “…two women and a child were murdered by Wolfe and some other Delaware Indians…The women that were killed…were treated in such a brutal manner that Decency forbids the Mentioning… “…two women and a child were murdered by Wolfe and some other Delaware Indians…The women that were killed…were treated in such a brutal manner that Decency forbids the Mentioning…

14. The Tide Turns William Pitt – English Prime Minister determines that defeating the French in the New World was the way to conquer the French completely. William Pitt – English Prime Minister determines that defeating the French in the New World was the way to conquer the French completely.

15. Treaty of Paris 1763 France loses Canada and all land east of the Mississippi River (except new Orleans)goes to GB France loses Canada and all land east of the Mississippi River (except new Orleans)goes to GB New Orleans, western Louisiana goes to Spain New Orleans, western Louisiana goes to Spain Florida goes to England in exchange for Cuba Florida goes to England in exchange for Cuba France maintains small islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence France maintains small islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence

16. Results England becomes major world power England becomes major world power England also heavily in debt due to war and looks to the colonies as a source of revenue England also heavily in debt due to war and looks to the colonies as a source of revenue

17. Results in Colonies Colonists depend less on England for protection (threat is gone), but expected to pay Colonists depend less on England for protection (threat is gone), but expected to pay War taught importance of unity War taught importance of unity Assured survival of English ideas and values Assured survival of English ideas and values

18. American Loyalty? Many Americans were disloyal during the war Many Americans were disloyal during the war Some New England states traded with the French Some New England states traded with the French Many Americans were typically not inclined to join the fight Many Americans were typically not inclined to join the fight Some American units performed poorly in the field Some American units performed poorly in the field Many American troops and officers were openly critical of their British Army counterparts and superiors Many American troops and officers were openly critical of their British Army counterparts and superiors

19. American Ideas Americans felt they were important to the British victory Americans felt they were important to the British victory They should share in the spoils They should share in the spoils Wanted to continue to be self governing Wanted to continue to be self governing The idea of Parliament levying taxes was foreign and patently immoral as Englishmen if they had no representation The idea of Parliament levying taxes was foreign and patently immoral as Englishmen if they had no representation

20. Proclamation Act of 1763 Ottawa chief Pontiac wages war against British as settlers move west Ottawa chief Pontiac wages war against British as settlers move west Able to unite Delaware, Shawnee & Seneca Able to unite Delaware, Shawnee & Seneca Drew a line along Appalachian Mountains & declared colonists could not settle west of the line Drew a line along Appalachian Mountains & declared colonists could not settle west of the line

22. George Grenville In charge of British finances In charge of British finances Looked for a way to reduce debt Looked for a way to reduce debt Had smugglers tried by a naval court Had smugglers tried by a naval court John Hancock defended by John Adams John Hancock defended by John Adams

23. Where does it end? The logical conclusion takes us through the series of “acts” and into the American Revolution The logical conclusion takes us through the series of “acts” and into the American Revolution Ultimately it is a cyclical struggle where the questions of governmental power and taxation are still being fought and discussed, even today. Ultimately it is a cyclical struggle where the questions of governmental power and taxation are still being fought and discussed, even today.

24. Revenue Act of 1764 Known as the Sugar Act Known as the Sugar Act Tax on raw sugar, molasses Tax on raw sugar, molasses New taxes on silk, wine, coffee & indigo New taxes on silk, wine, coffee & indigo Discontent begins Discontent begins James Otis’ pamphlet “Taxation without representation is tyranny” James Otis’ pamphlet “Taxation without representation is tyranny”

25. Currency Act of 1764 Colonies no longer allowed to print and use paper money Colonies no longer allowed to print and use paper money

26. Terms Customs duties – taxes on imports and exports Customs duties – taxes on imports and exports Due process – proper court procedures Due process – proper court procedures Writs of assistance – a general search warrant Writs of assistance – a general search warrant

27. 1. George Washington 2.John Hancock 3. Ben Franklin 4. France 5. Spain 6. Great Britain 7. Quartering 8. Stamp Act 9. Sugar Act 10. George Grenville 11. James Wolfe 12. Boston Massacre 13. Albany Plan 14. Procalmation of 1763 15. Non- importation 16. Writs of assistance 17.Massachus etts 18. Virginia 19.Pennsylvan ia 20. Debt 21.Trade 22. Fort Duquesne 23. Fort Necessity 24. Sons of Liberty