1. Chapter 15 Urban America

2. Immigration Who? ► II. Asia  A. Japanese  B. Chinese ► I. Europe  A. Italians  B. Greeks  C. Poles  D. Slavs  E. Slovaks  F. Russians  G. Armenians

3. When? ► I. Europeans  A. Late 1800’searly 1900’s  II. Asians ► A. Chinese – mid-1800s ► B. Japanese – 1900-1910

4. Where? ► I. Europeans  A. Ellis Island/New York ► II. Asians  A. Angel Island/California

5. Why? ► I. Europeans  A. US had plenty of jobs  B. Avoid forced military service  Avoid religious persecution  US had few immigration restrictions ► II. Asians  A. Chinese ► 1. discovery of Gold ► 2. Taiping Rebellion ► 3. demand for railroad workers ► 4. severe unemployment, poverty and famine in China ► B. Japanese ► 1. economy disrupted and country was in turmoil

6. What were the results of immigration? ► 1. Increased feelings of nativism ► 2. Chinese Exclusion Act ► 3. ethnic cities ► 4. Anti-immigrant organizations were formed ► 5. racial violence

7. Section Two

8. Environment ► I. Skyscraper  A. Why? – The city was growing rapidly and they decided to grow upward instead of outward  B. Who? – louis Sullivan  II. Mass transit  A. What? ► 1. developed late 1800s ► Used to move large number of people around cities quickly ► Various kinds were developed ► B. Who? Frank J Sprague – developed the elctric trolley car

9. Classes ► I. High Society – Where? Hearts of cities ► II. Middle class –Who? Doctors, lawyer, engineers, managers  Where? – away from the central city  How much? – 1,100  III. The Working class  Who? – majority of American city dwelers  Where? – tenements  How much? - 445

10. Problems ► Crime ► Violence ► Fire ► Disease ► pollution

11. Politics ► Political machine – informed political group designed to gain and keep power ► Party boss – in charge of political machines ► Graft – getting money through dishonest or questionable means ► Two major party bosses  George Plunkitt  William “Boss” Tweed

12. People to Know ► Horatio Alger – expressed the ideas of individualism; wrote more than 100 “Rags to Riches” novels ► Andrew Carneige- one of the strongest supporters of the public library movement ► Thomas Eakins – realist painter; painted President Hayes in shirtsleeves ► Mark Twain/Samuel Clemens – Author during the gilded age

13. ► Edith Wharton – realistic writer; wrote about the upper class; The Age of Innocence; Pulitzer Prize ► Jane Addams – established settlement houses in poor neighborhoods ► Edward Bellamy – published Looking Backward – a novel that helped shape the thinking of American reformers

14. ► Booker T Washington – founded the Tuskegee Institute – an agricultural and industrial school for African Americans ► Henry George – journalist Progress and Poverty – influenced the reform movement ► Lillian Wald – established the Henry Street Settlement – offered medical care, education, labor organization and social and cultural programs

15. ► Charles Darwin – theory of evolution – Origin of species by Means of Natural Selection ► Scott Joplin – one of the most important African American ragtime composers – “King of Ragtime” ► Herbert Spencer – applied evolution and survival of the fittest to society “Social Darwinism”

16. ► Charles Warner – wrote novel The Gilded Age with Mark Twain ► Washington Gladden – an early advocate of The Social Gospel – reform movement ► Dwight Moody – founder of American YMCA – believed the way to help the poor was by redeeming their souls and reforming their character