2. The major source of pollutants that entered the air during the major air pollution disasters was the burning of: a.coal b.fuel oil c.gasoline d.wood

3. Cell division increases rapidly and the cells produced do not function as normal lung cells in this respiratory disease. a.lung cancer b.emphysema c.chronic bronchitis d.bronchial asthma

4. Which of the following people would most likely be hospitalized during an air pollution disaster? a.a child with asthma b.a healthy teenager with near perfect school attendance c.a 30-year-old businessman who sometimes gets headaches d.a retiree who plays tennis daily

5. People who are exposed to carcinogens often develop: a.chronic bronchitis b.emphysema c.lung cancer d.bronchial asthma

6. Damage to the cilia and production of excess mucus that result in a “smoker’s cough” are symptoms of: a.chronic bronchitis b.emphysema c.lung cancer d.all of these

7. Children may have decreased IQ scores if they are exposed to: a.cadmium b.lead c.fluoride d.zinc

8. Damage occurs in the leaves of orange trees if they are exposed to: a.ethylene b.ozone c.sulfur dioxide d.particulates

9. Which of the following types of radiation is a wave of energy rather than a particle? a.alpha b.beta c.gamma d.both A and B

10. A thin sheet of paper or the outer layer of human skin can stop which of the following types of radiation? a.alpha b.beta c.gamma d.x-radiation

11. The type of power plant that releases the most radiation during normal operation is: a.coal-burning b.hydroelectric c.nuclear d.solar

12. The system of the body that is the most sensitive to radiation and is damaged by the lowest level of radiation is the: a.circulatory system (blood-forming cells in the bone marrow) b.digestive system (stomach and intestine) c.excretory system (kidneys) d.nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

13. The EPA has declared the 2.5-mile-long cinder bank at the base of the Blue Mountain a hazardous waste or “Superfund site” because: a.the town of Palmerton also used the site to dispose of sewage sludge. b.it contains a high level of Volatile Organic Compounds. c.it contains high levels of cadmium and lead. d.the smoldering cinders are producing dangerous levels of carbon monoxide.

14. The EPA’s plan to reduce the threat created by the cinder bank requires: a.digging a trench to divert runoff from the Blue Mountain away from the cinder bank. b.HRD to recover the heavy metals from the cinders using a new recycling process. c.removal of the cinders for storage at a hazardous waste landfill. d.heating the cinders to extremely high temperatures to melt them into a glass-like substance so that the heavy metals are not leachable.

15. Passed by Congress in 1980, CERCLA gave the EPA the authority to: a.set clean air standards for electrical power plants. b.clean up hazardous substances that threaten the environment. c.set limits on lead in gasoline. d.set standards for water quality.

16. A synthetic soil developed to reclaim the Blue Mountain is a mixture that contains: a.dust from electric arc furnaces at steel mills and sludge from sewage treatment plants. b.fly ash from coal-fired power plants and sludge from sewage treatment plants. c.cinders from zinc smelting plants and sludge from sewage treatment plants. d.peat most, sewage sludge and cinders from zinc smelting plants.

17. Which of the following statements correctly describes the water quality in the Palmerton area? a.The Aquashicola Creek is contaminated with heavy metals from the cinder bank. b.The town’s wells are contaminated with both cadmium and lead. c.Extensive testing of groundwater in the area shows that all groundwater is safe. d.Both A and B are true statements.

18. Which of the following statements describes the “clean-up” of the valley? a.The EPA ordered the removal and replacement of soil in all lawns located within 2 kilometers of the smelting plant. b.Due to new information about the dangers of lead, the EPA took actions to reduce residents’ exposure to lead. c.The EPA required the removal of lead paint from houses in Palmerton. d.The EPA found no need for a “clean-up” because the source of lead was leaded gasoline, and gasoline is not “lead-free.”

19. Studies have shown that there is a relationship between the level of fine particulates and: a.asthmac.respiratory infections b.hospital admissionsd.all of these

20. Which of these processes is/are responsible for Volatile Organic Compounds polluting the air? a.attrition b.combustion c.vaporization d.both A and C

21. Because the temperature during combustion is extremely high, electric power plants and vehicles that burn fossil fuels produce large amounts of this pollutant. a.carbon monoxide b.hydrocarbons c.nitrogen oxides d.sulfur dioxide

22. Volatile Organic Compounds are chemicals that: a.contain carbon b.produce the scent of flowers c.vaporize at normal temperatures d.all of these

23. The process that produces most of the sulfur dioxide that enters the air is: a.attrition b.combustion c.vaporization d.both A and B

24. The majority of this pollutant is produced by gasoline-powered motor vehicles. a.carbon monoxide b.particulates c.sulfur dioxide d.both A and B

25. Which of the following pollutants is produced only if the air supply is limited and combustion is incomplete? a.carbon dioxide b.carbon monoxide c.nitrogen oxide d.ozone