1. History 102SY The United States and the Middle East 1900 to the Present

2. Eisenhower, the Cold War, and the Middle East

3. May 1948—Zionists declared independent state of Israel

4. Truman immediately recognized Israel

5. Arab states went to war against new state

6. but Israeli army defeated them

7. ... and took more territory than initially allotted to Jewish state

8. 1947-1949—750,000 Palestinians fled or were driven from homes in present-day Israel

9. Israel refused to permit repatriation of refugees

10. Atrocities by Zionists Deir Yassin, 1948

11. 1947-1949—750,000 Palestinians fled or were driven from homes in present-day Israel Israel refused to permit repatriation of refugees

12. Truman tried to get Israel to give back territory and take back some Palestinian refugees, but Israel refused and Truman gave up

13. Arab-Israeli impasse

14. Eisenhower, the Cold War, and the Middle East

15. During Eisenhower years, US confronted forces of indigenous ME nationalism, which posed serious threat to Washington’s effort to enlist ME nations in Cold War

16. Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1953-1961

17. With Vice President Richard M. Nixon As president, Eisenhower was often dismissed as detached and out of touch

18. With Vice President Richard M. Nixon... but was later shown to have been more on top of events than assumed at the time

19. With Secretary of State John Foster Dulles

22. Eisenhower and John Foster Dulles

23. Eisenhower appointed Allen Dulles (Foster’s brother) director of CIA Allen Dulles

24. Eisenhower and Dulles were determined to keep ME oriented toward the West

25. Ambivalent attitude toward continuation of French and British domination

26. Iran

27. Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) Iran

28. 1951—Iranian parliament nationalized facilities of AIOC and elected Mohammed Mossadeq prime minister Iran

29. 1951—Iranian parliament nationalized facilities of Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) and elected Mohammed Mossadeq prime minister Iran Mohammed Mossadeq

30. 1951-1952—British boycotted Iranian oil; Mossadeq refused to rescind nationalization and started challenging Shah Reza Mohammed Pahlavi Shah Reza Mohammed Pahlavi

31. From a secret CIA history, 1954 “Operation Ajax”

32. 1953—Eisenhower administration moved against Mossadeq; enlisted Kermit Roosevelt of CIA

33. 1953—Roosevelt fomented coup within Iranian army, ousting Mossadeq and restoring Shah’s authority

35. Shah became close ally of US

36. Challenge from Arab world

37. Vestiges of European Imperialism France Arab nationalist grievances against West

38. Vestiges of European Imperialism Britain Arab nationalist grievances against West

39. Creation of Israel and displacement of Palestinians

40. US dilemma over Arab world

41. 1952—Egyptian revolution Gamal Abdel Nasser and Muhammad Naguib

42. Mid-1950s—Nasser became pan-Arab leader

43. Other “non-aligned” leaders of this era Jawaharlal Nehru of India Sukarno of Indonesia

44. Nasser wanted to build Aswan Dam to increase agricultural yield and produce hydroelectric power

45. July 1956—Dulles withdrew funding offer for Aswan Dam

46. 1996

47. Nasser reacted to Dulles by nationalizing Suez Canal Company to collect toll revenues Nasser announcing nationalization decision in Alexandria, July 1956

48. Britain, France, and Israel started plotting attack against Nasser British PM Anthony Eden and French PM Guy Mollet Israeli PM David Ben-Gurion

49. Britain, France, and Israel started plotting attack against Nasser

50. Late October 1956— Britain, France, and Israel attacked Egypt

51. Ill. Ind. Oh.

52. After attack began, Nasser closed Suez Canal, severely obstructing shipments of Persian Gulf oil to West

53. Nikita Khrushchev General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1953-1964

54. US and Soviet Union both condemned attack; Eisenhower used economic pressure to force end to attack

56. Suez crisis demonstrated that Britain was no longer primary Western power in Middle East; from now on US would play that role

57. January 1957—to prevent Soviets (and Nasser) from filling “vacuum” in ME, Eisenhower announced “Eisenhower Doctrine”

58. Eisenhower Doctrine offered military aid, economic aid, and military protection to ME countries willing to line up with US in Cold War

59. 1957-1958—Eisenhower tried, unsuccessfully, to build up conservative Arab leaders to rival Nasser’s regional influence Eisenhower, King Saud, and Vice President Richard Nixon, 1957

60. July 1958—Iraq’s pro-West monarchy overthrown by Arab nationalist officers

61. Eisenhower reacted by sending 14,000 US marines to Lebanon to shore up its pro-West government

62. Late 1958 and early 1959—Eisenhower quietly shelved Eisenhower Doctrine and began modest rapprochement with Nasser