1. European Exploration Ch 19.1

2. What exploration had already occurred? Europeans explored during the Crusades beginning in 1100. Europeans explored during the Crusades beginning in 1100. Marco Polo reached Kublai Khan and the Chinese empire in 1275. Marco Polo reached Kublai Khan and the Chinese empire in 1275.

3. Money! Money! Money! The main reason for new exploration was to seek for new sources of wealth. The main reason for new exploration was to seek for new sources of wealth. Merchants and traders hoped to benefit from the trade of spices and other luxury goods from Asia. Merchants and traders hoped to benefit from the trade of spices and other luxury goods from Asia.

5. High Demand for Spices Europeans became introduced to certain items during the Crusades. Europeans became introduced to certain items during the Crusades. After the crusades, Europeans still demanded these items. After the crusades, Europeans still demanded these items. –Nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, and pepper All of these added flavor to the bland foods of Europe. All of these added flavor to the bland foods of Europe. Because the supply of spices was low, merchants could demand higher prices. Because the supply of spices was low, merchants could demand higher prices.

6. Muslims and Italians control trade Muslims sold Asian goods to the Italian merchants. Muslims sold Asian goods to the Italian merchants. Italian merchants sold the items at increased prices throughout Europe. Italian merchants sold the items at increased prices throughout Europe.

7. Everyone wants a piece of the action! European merchants (England, Spain, Portugal, and France) wanted to trade directly with Asia and bypass the Italian merchants. European merchants (England, Spain, Portugal, and France) wanted to trade directly with Asia and bypass the Italian merchants. This meant finding a direct sea route to Asia. This meant finding a direct sea route to Asia.

8. Christianity The desire to spread Christianity also fueled European exploration. The desire to spread Christianity also fueled European exploration. The Crusades left bad relations between the Christians and Muslims. The Crusades left bad relations between the Christians and Muslims. Christians wanted to continue to convert non-Christians throughout the world. Christians wanted to continue to convert non-Christians throughout the world.

9. Bartolomeu Dias – Portuguese Explorer “To serve God and His Majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do.”

10. The motto behind European Exploration became: The motto behind European Exploration became:

11. The Caravel A new ship that made sea exploration possible A new ship that made sea exploration possible Sturdier than previous ships Sturdier than previous ships It had triangular sails, which made it possible to sail against the wind. It had triangular sails, which made it possible to sail against the wind. It was extremely maneuverable. It was extremely maneuverable.

12. Caravel

13. Navigational Improvements also encouraged sea exploration Two major advances helped sailors improve navigation methods. Two major advances helped sailors improve navigation methods. –Astrolabe –Magnetic compass

14. Astrolabe The astrolabe was a brass circle with carefully adjusted rings marked off in degrees, which was perfected by the Muslims. The astrolabe was a brass circle with carefully adjusted rings marked off in degrees, which was perfected by the Muslims. Using the rings to sight the stars, a sea captain could tell how far north or south of the equator he was. Using the rings to sight the stars, a sea captain could tell how far north or south of the equator he was.

15. Magnetic Compass Explorers were also able to more accurately track their direction by using a magnetic compass invented by the Chinese Explorers were also able to more accurately track their direction by using a magnetic compass invented by the Chinese

16. Astrolabe Compass

17. Prince Henry the Navigator Prince of Portugal Prince of Portugal Wanted to discover sources of wealth and spread Christianity. Wanted to discover sources of wealth and spread Christianity. Founded a navigation school. Founded a navigation school. –Map makers, instrument makers, ship builders, scientists, and sea captains gathered there to perfect their trade.

18. Prince Henry

19. Portugal

20. Portugal leads the way Soon the Portuguese established trading posts all along the coast of Africa. Soon the Portuguese established trading posts all along the coast of Africa. They traded gold and ivory. They traded gold and ivory. Eventually, they traded for African slaves. Eventually, they traded for African slaves. After establishing themselves in Africa, they wanted to find a sea route to Asia. After establishing themselves in Africa, they wanted to find a sea route to Asia.

21. 11 th century Ivory Elephant Tusk found in Italy

22. The Portuguese believed they would have to sail around the southern tip of Africa to get to India.

23. Bartolomeu Dias In 1488, Captain Bartolomeu Dias ventured further down the coast of Africa until he reached the tip. In 1488, Captain Bartolomeu Dias ventured further down the coast of Africa until he reached the tip. As he arrived, a huge storm rose and battered his fleet for days. As he arrived, a huge storm rose and battered his fleet for days.

24. Bartolomeu Diaz When the storm ended, Dias realized his ships had been blown around the tip to the other side of the continent. When the storm ended, Dias realized his ships had been blown around the tip to the other side of the continent. Realizing supplies were low, he returned home. Realizing supplies were low, he returned home. He was the first European to have sailed around the tip of Southern Africa. He was the first European to have sailed around the tip of Southern Africa.

25. Dias’s Voyage Dias’s Voyage

26. Vasco da Gama With the southern tip of Africa finally rounded, the Portuguese continued pushing east. With the southern tip of Africa finally rounded, the Portuguese continued pushing east. In 1498, the Portuguese explorer, Vasco da Gama reached the port of Calicut, on the southwestern coast of India. In 1498, the Portuguese explorer, Vasco da Gama reached the port of Calicut, on the southwestern coast of India. They were amazed with the spices, rare silks, and precious gems. They were amazed with the spices, rare silks, and precious gems.

27. The Portuguese sailors filled their ships with pepper and cinnamon and returned to Portugal in 1499. The Portuguese sailors filled their ships with pepper and cinnamon and returned to Portugal in 1499. Vasco da Gama was given a hero’s welcome. Vasco da Gama was given a hero’s welcome. His remarkable voyage of 27,000 miles had given Portugal a direct sea route to India. His remarkable voyage of 27,000 miles had given Portugal a direct sea route to India.

28. Vasco da Gama Vasco da Gama

29. Da Gama’s Voyage

30. SPAIN IS JEALOUS! Spain watched with envy as Portugal increased in wealth. Spain watched with envy as Portugal increased in wealth. The Spanish monarchs also wanted to find a direct sea route to the treasures of Asia. The Spanish monarchs also wanted to find a direct sea route to the treasures of Asia.

32. 1492 Spain just kicked the Moors out of Spain in the ‘Reconquista’ Spain just kicked the Moors out of Spain in the ‘Reconquista’ Also that same year, Christopher Columbus convinced Spain to finance finding a route to Asia by sailing West across the Atlantic Ocean. Also that same year, Christopher Columbus convinced Spain to finance finding a route to Asia by sailing West across the Atlantic Ocean.

33. Columbus

34. Impact In October of 1492, Columbus reached the shores of an island in the Caribbean. In October of 1492, Columbus reached the shores of an island in the Caribbean. His voyage opened the way for European colonization of the American continents – a process that would forever change the world. His voyage opened the way for European colonization of the American continents – a process that would forever change the world. The immediate effect increased tensions between Spain and Portugal. The immediate effect increased tensions between Spain and Portugal.

35. Rivalry grows intense Columbus believed that he had reached Asia. Columbus believed that he had reached Asia. Believing him to be right, Portugal suspected that Columbus had claimed lands that Portuguese sailors might have reached first. Believing him to be right, Portugal suspected that Columbus had claimed lands that Portuguese sailors might have reached first.

36. Line of Demarcation In 1493, Pope Alexander VI tried to keep the peace between the two nations. In 1493, Pope Alexander VI tried to keep the peace between the two nations. He suggested an imaginary dividing line, drawn north to south, through the Atlantic Ocean. He suggested an imaginary dividing line, drawn north to south, through the Atlantic Ocean. All lands west of the line would belong to Spain. All lands west of the line would belong to Spain. All land east of the line would belong to Portugal. All land east of the line would belong to Portugal. This became known as the line of Demarcation. This became known as the line of Demarcation.

37. Pope Alexander VI

39. Treaty of Tordesillas Portugal complained that the line gave too much to Spain. Portugal complained that the line gave too much to Spain. It was moved farther west to include parts of modern-day Brazil for the Portuguese. It was moved farther west to include parts of modern-day Brazil for the Portuguese. In 1494, Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, in which they agreed to honor the line. In 1494, Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, in which they agreed to honor the line.

40. Line of Demarcation Treaty of Tordesillas

41. Portugal’s Trading Empire Built trading empire through the Indian ocean Built trading empire through the Indian ocean Took control of the spice trade from the Muslim merchants Took control of the spice trade from the Muslim merchants In 1509, Portugal defeated a Muslim fleet off the coast of India. In 1509, Portugal defeated a Muslim fleet off the coast of India.

43. The following year, the Portuguese captured Goa, a city on India’s west coast. The following year, the Portuguese captured Goa, a city on India’s west coast. They made it the capital of their trading empire. They made it the capital of their trading empire. Then they sailed farther east to Indonesia, also known as the East Indies. Then they sailed farther east to Indonesia, also known as the East Indies.

45. Indonesia

46. In 1511, a Portuguese fleet attacked the city of Malacca on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula. In 1511, a Portuguese fleet attacked the city of Malacca on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula. In capturing the town, Portuguese seized control of the Strait of Malacca. In capturing the town, Portuguese seized control of the Strait of Malacca. Seizing this waterway gave them control of the Moluccas. Seizing this waterway gave them control of the Moluccas. These were islands so rich in spices that they later became known as the Spice Islands. These were islands so rich in spices that they later became known as the Spice Islands.

48. Close up view

49. Portuguese merchants brought back goods from Asia at about 1/5 of the price of what they paid Italian and Muslim merchants. Portuguese merchants brought back goods from Asia at about 1/5 of the price of what they paid Italian and Muslim merchants. Portugal’s success attracted the attention of other European nations. Portugal’s success attracted the attention of other European nations.

50. Ferdinand Magellan In 1521, Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines. In 1521, Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines. Spain claimed the islands and began settling them in 1565. Spain claimed the islands and began settling them in 1565.

53. English and Dutch want in By the early 1600s, The English and the Dutch began to challenge Portugal’s dominance over the Indian Ocean trade. By the early 1600s, The English and the Dutch began to challenge Portugal’s dominance over the Indian Ocean trade. The Dutch Republic (also known as the Netherlands) declared their independence from Spain in 1581. The Dutch Republic (also known as the Netherlands) declared their independence from Spain in 1581.

54. Western Europe Netherlands Netherlands

55. Netherlands The Netherlands became a leading sea power. The Netherlands became a leading sea power. By 1600, the Dutch owned the largest fleet of ships in the world – 20,000 vessels. By 1600, the Dutch owned the largest fleet of ships in the world – 20,000 vessels. Together the English and Dutch broke Portuguese Dominance in the Indian Ocean. Together the English and Dutch broke Portuguese Dominance in the Indian Ocean.

56. The two nations then battled each other for control. The two nations then battled each other for control. Each nation had formed an East India Company to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Each nation had formed an East India Company to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. These companies had the power to mint money, make treaties, and raise armies. These companies had the power to mint money, make treaties, and raise armies.

57. The Dutch East India Company was richer and more powerful than England’s company. The Dutch East India Company was richer and more powerful than England’s company. As a result, the Dutch eventually drove out the English and established their dominance over the region. As a result, the Dutch eventually drove out the English and established their dominance over the region.

58. In 1619, the Dutch established their trading headquarters at Batavia on the island of Java. In 1619, the Dutch established their trading headquarters at Batavia on the island of Java. From there, they expanded west to conquer several nearby islands. From there, they expanded west to conquer several nearby islands. The Dutch also took Malacca and the valuable Spice Islands. The Dutch also took Malacca and the valuable Spice Islands.

60. With so many goods traveling from Asia to the Netherlands, Amsterdam became a leading commercial center. With so many goods traveling from Asia to the Netherlands, Amsterdam became a leading commercial center. By 1700, the Dutch ruled much of Indonesia and had trading posts in numerous Asian countries. By 1700, the Dutch ruled much of Indonesia and had trading posts in numerous Asian countries. They also controlled the Cape of Good Hope on the southern tip of Africa. They also controlled the Cape of Good Hope on the southern tip of Africa.

62. Cape of Good Hope

63. The Cape of Good Hope First European to reach this area was Bartolomeu Dias. Dias originally named it the Cape of Storms. First European to reach this area was Bartolomeu Dias. Dias originally named it the Cape of Storms. Later, John II of Portugal renamed it ‘Cabo de boa esperanca’ = Cape of Good Hope because it was a symbol of opening the sea route eastward toward India. Later, John II of Portugal renamed it ‘Cabo de boa esperanca’ = Cape of Good Hope because it was a symbol of opening the sea route eastward toward India.

64. Cape of Good Hope Was settled by the Dutch and later conquered by the English. Was settled by the Dutch and later conquered by the English. There are two monuments erected there to honor Dias and da Gama. There are two monuments erected there to honor Dias and da Gama.

65. In honor of da Gama, the Portuguese government built this to commemorate his passage around the Cape of Good Hope. In honor of da Gama, the Portuguese government built this to commemorate his passage around the Cape of Good Hope.

67. Britain and France English East India Company built successful business in trading fine cloth. English East India Company built successful business in trading fine cloth. In 1664, France also entered the Asia trade with its own East India Company. In 1664, France also entered the Asia trade with its own East India Company. –The company struggled at first but eventually became established. –They never made a large profit.

68. Even though there were many European trading posts throughout Asia, Asian people remained unaffected by them. Even though there were many European trading posts throughout Asia, Asian people remained unaffected by them. Europeans’ influences rarely spread beyond the port cities into the countries interiors. Europeans’ influences rarely spread beyond the port cities into the countries interiors.

70. Assignment: pick A or B (A) Write a paragraph comparing the demand for spices in the 1500s to the demand for oil today. What lengths will countries go to, to have the control on oil? Will oil ever be as common (or cheap) as spices are today? (A) Write a paragraph comparing the demand for spices in the 1500s to the demand for oil today. What lengths will countries go to, to have the control on oil? Will oil ever be as common (or cheap) as spices are today? (B) Create a cartoon about the high demand for spices by Europeans (B) Create a cartoon about the high demand for spices by Europeans