1. Television Production

2. What Is Television To You?

3. Television As A Medium Television is a medium that requires a team of aesthetically sensitive and technically skilled individuals to communicate ideas and emotions to an audience

4. The Television Universe

5. Videospace The only measure of reality for viewers is what they see and hear through the television receiver. A real-life event that unfolds before the television cameras does not exist for viewers until that reality is translated through the television medium and onto their television sets

6. Videospace All the spatial relationships, all the sound cues, the appearance of the talents, the total environment in which the program takes place The videospace will ultimately determine the context in which the aural and visual messages are perceived

7. Videospace The television team creates an impression of reality by selecting images and sounds for the viewer Lights, make up and background often help to make the images appear normal to compensate for the technical limitations of camera

8. Audiospace The audio counterpart of videospace Refers to the sound portion of a program Manipulated through various mechanical and electronic methods to modify and enhance original sound

9. Audiospace Natural sound can be filtered Echo can be added in varying amounts “Equalization” permits us to accentuate or minimize certain sound frequencies

10. The Television Team

11. television team From the simplest program to the most complex, a television production is the sum total of the coordinated efforts of dozens of skilled individuals who make up the television team

12. Director’s Quote: “The entire team can make the director look good or make the director look bad. All it takes is one misplaced cue, a line not correctly picked up, off audio or one missed shot to ruin what can be a beautiful moment in a show”

13. Director’s Quote: “No matter good a person may be in his job, unless everyone else puts out 100% effort, you won’t look good and the program can’t possibly be a success.” “The team approach is probably the single most important element in producing the kind of programs people will want to watch and that everyone can be proud to say they worked on.” -Bob Lahendro All in the Family

14. The Experts Production Staff / Nontechnical Personnel -Above The Line Executive Producer Producer Director Assistant Director Production Manager Writer Art Director Production Assistant Talents Production Crew /Technical Personnel -Below The Line T echnical Director (Switcher) Audio Technician Lighting Director Camera Operators Scenic Designer Video Technician

15. Production Staff / Non-Technical Personnel Primarily responsible for the content and development Generally involved in how to translate a script or an event into effective television images

16. Executive Producer In charge of one or several program series. Manages budget and coordinates with client, station management, advertising agencies,financial supporters and talent’s/writer’s agents

17. Producer In charge of an individual production Responsible for all personnel working on the production and for coordinating technical and non-technical production elements. Ultimate authority from planning and writing of the script to final production and editing Handles the budget and may require associate producers in large productions to assist in the responsibilities May also be the writer and director in small productions

18. Production Manager Schedules equipment and personnel for all studio field productions Field Producer Assist producer by taking charge of the remote operations

19. Director Oversees the performance of the on-air talent and coordinates the operation of the technical crew Must watch several different camera shots; select the shot which will be sent over the air; direct the camera operators for their upcoming shots; Listens to and cues the program audio Approve all art graphic and lighting designs Makes certain that the entire effect created is consistent with the producer’s original concept

20. Associate Directors Assist director during the actual production Readies the talents, and the other members of the production team to upcoming events Keeps careful track of the time for each program segment and for the overall production, makes sure the program begins and ends on time

21. Production Assistant Assist the producer, director, and other members of the production team Takes notes from the director and producer for show’s improvement Assists the AD in timing the show, publishing the script and script changes Keeping track of different program material such as films, tapes, and slides During production the PA holds cue cards and prompts performers for their lines

22. Talents Refers to all individuals who appear on television Classified as actors, performers and hosts Actors portray someone else on-camera Performers appear on camera in non- dramatic activities Hosts leads viewers to the upcoming event on a program by announcing or providing description about the character, scene or segment

23. Production Crew /Technical Personnel Individuals who work primarily with the production hardware and equipment The term technical does not refer to electronic expertise, but rather to managing and operating the equipment with skill and confidence The true experts are the engineers who supervise installation and maintain various pieces of the equipment

24. Technical Director (Switcher) Sits next to the program director in front of a large bank of buttons and controls called “the video switcher” Supervises the whole technical crew

25. Audio Technician Responsible for the sound of a television production Sits at a sound-control console mixing the various audio inputs from studio microphones, tape recorders, film and videotape tracks Balances all the sound inputs together to create the mixed sound of the program Coordinates the setup of all audio equipment

26. Set/Scenic Designer Responsible for devising the physical setting for a program Works closely with the program director and lighting director Supervises the construction, painting and installation of the backdrops and entire set

27. Floor/Stage Manager In charge of all the activities on the studio floor Directs talent, relays director’s cues to talent, and supervises floor personnel. Director’s eyes and ears on the floor In large productions, responsible for setting up the scenery and dressing up the set

28. Camera Operator Operates the camera Set-up and ensure the technical quality of the cameras Works with the director, lighting director and audio technician during blocking and shooting the shots Must exhibit a strong sense of composition and visualization

29. Lighting Director Plans and executes the lighting for the production Supervises the activities of the lighting crew in hanging and focusing the lighting instruments Coordinates all the lighting cues

30. Video Operator/Technicians Adjusts camera controls for optimal camera pictures (shading) Help director to achieve special visual effects as necessary

31. Other production members Wardrobe Custodian Make up artist Floor managers

32. What’s the difference anyway? To a certain extent, the division between staff and crew is arbitrary since many jobs will invariably cross lines. Each individual working on the production team must exercise: creativity and ingenuity, technical expertise, skillful artistry and imagination

33. Stages of Television Production Preproduction Set-up and rehearsal Production PostProduction

34. The Television Studio Made up of two areas: The Control Room The Studio Floor

35. Control Room Operational command center where program, elements are directed and coordinated Occupied by the program director, assistant director, technical director, audio technician and video technician Producers and production assistants

36. Control Room Wall of monitors displaying the output of studio cameras and other video sources Additional monitors show video output of electronic character generators and remote video feeds Off-air monitors –shows what the station is broadcasting as of the time of production

37. Monitors Line or Program Monitors Line or Program Monitors shows the actual picture that is leaving the control room to be broadcast live or to be fed to videotape for recording Preview Monitors Preview Monitors used to check any picture or special video effect before it is actually sent out over the line

38. Production Console A long table where the director, technical director, assistant director and production assistants sit during a production TD – D – AD

39. Studio Floor Where the production actually occurs An open area that contains television cameras, microphones and lighting equipments Powerful air condition

40. Preproduction Stage The most essential stage of the production process Planning takes days, weeks or even months before the actual production date Producer and director work with the writer to complete the script and to develop the overall approach

41. Preproduction Stage Development of the concept Establishing objectives and production approach Write program script/ format Production meetings with key team members (Producer, Director, LD, SD TD)

42. “The actual production is the anticlimax of program creation” – Alfred Hitchcock The actual filming is a mechanical exercise of translating a meticulous planning into a picture A well thought of production is the single most important and creative step in successful television

43. Set up and Rehearsal Setup Set construction Hang and focus lights Audio setup Prepare videotape and film playbacks

44. Set up and Rehearsal Rehearsal Dry rehearsal outside studio (for fully scripted shows) Camera blocking Run-throughs (problems are corrected as they arise) Dress rehearsal

45. Production Live Live 1. Program starts and ends according to preplanned airtime 2. News programs 3. Sports coverage

46. Production Videotaped Videotaped 1. Live on tape – produced in real time but broadcast on a different time – game shows, talk programs 2. Taped short segments –multiple cameras, and assembled together through post production editing. Shooting schedule is planned 3. Single camera – one camera multiple set ups 4. Multiple camera – each camera feeding a separate videotape machine

47. Postproduction Selection of taped scenes for the final edited version High degree of creative control Studio strike Videotape editing Audio sweetening Evaluation of program to see it the objective was met