2.   Video Field Trip 1.Describe how the meeting of two electronic plates can lead to an earthquake 2.Where does the greatest damage occur during an earthquake? Earth in motion

3.  What is an Earthquake Chapter 8.1

4.  1.An earthquake is a vibration of Earth produced by the rapid release of energy. 2.Focus- the point at which an earthquake starts.  Energy radiates in all directions in form of waves 3.Epicenter is the location on the surface directly above the focus Earthquake

5.  1.The earth is constantly changing, evidence is shown by crust uplifted 2.Faults are fractures in Earth where movement has occurred. 3.The San Andreas Fault is the most studied fault system in the world.  Displacement has occurred along segments. Each fault segment behaves differently.  Some parts show gradual movement known as fault creep, others slip and produce small earthquakes Faults

6.  1.Before San Francisco 1906 the cause was not understood. 2.It was caused by horizontal shifts in Earth’s surface along the northern portion of the San Andreas Fault 3.Studies showed the land on the west of the fault moved up to 4.7 meters north Cause

7.  1.Based on measurements, a hypothesis was developed to explain what happened. 2.Elastic energy is the energy that is stored when you stretch a rubber band. Resistance that hold the rocks is eventually overcome. 3. Rocks slip at the weakest point( focus) The slippage allows rocks to move then snap back in place 4.The vibrations is what we call an earthquake Cause of Earthquake

8.  1.The springing back of rocks is due to the release of energy stored in deformed rocks. 2.Most earthquakes are produced by the rapid release of elastic energy stored that has been subject to great force. 3.The break and force caused the vibrations. Elastic Rebound Hypothesis

9.  1.Aftershocks- the movement that follows a major earthquake often produce a smaller earthquake. These are weaker but can still cause damage. 2.Foreshocks-small earthquakes before a major earthquake Aftershocks and Foreshocks

10.  8.2 Measuring Earthquakes

11.  1.The study of earthquake waves date back almost 2000 years 2.Seismographs are instruments that record earthquake waves. 3.The instrument is attached to bedrock and when wave reach it, the inertia of weight keeps it stationary while it vibrates. 4.The movement compared to the stationary weight is recorded on a drum 5.The trace produced is known as a simogram Earthquake Waves

12.   https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gbd1FcuLJLQ Seismographs

13.  1.Of the the two main types of waves ( L waves) 2.Travel along Earth’s Outer Layer 3.This movement is like oceans waves that toss a ship up and down as well as side to side( which damage building foundation). 4.These movements, along with large amplitudes make surface waves the most destructive Surface Waves

14.  Body Waves

15.  Locating an Earthquake

16.  Distance and Direction

17.  Zones

18.  Measuring Earthquakes

19.  Richter Scale

20.  Magnitude

21.   In a paragraph, write about what you think would occur in an earthquake that has been measured as a moent magnitude of 3.0  Review --Answer the following questions 1.List the two categories of seismic waves 2.Describe how the epicenter is located 3.Describe two ways to measure the size of an earthquake Writing in Science

22.  8.3 Destruction from Earthquakes

23.  1.The damage to buildings and other structures from earthquake waves depends on several factors. 2.These include the intensity and duration of the vibrations, the nature of the material on which the structure is built, and the design of the structure. Seismic Vibrations

24.  1.Construction can affect earthquake damage 2.Wood based can be more flexible, steel frames are solid 3.Engineers learned that unreinforced stone or brick buildings are the most serious safety threats Building Design

25.  1.Loosely consolidated sediments saturated with water during earthquakes are called liquefaction 2.During these conditions soil turns into liquid and may not be able to support buildings or other structures. Liquefaction

26.  1.Seismic sea waves as known as tsunamis 2.These destructive waves often are called tidal waves, however they are not produced by tide.  Thailand 2004 Tsunamis

27.  1.A tsunami triggered by an earthquake occurs where a slab of the ocean floor is displaced vertically along a fault 2.A tsunami also can occur when the vibration of a quake sets and underwater landslide into motion Causes of Tsunamis

28.  1.When an earthquake is reported, scientists use water levels in tidal gauges to determine whether a tsunami ahs formed 2.Coastal populations are left vulnerable  Japan 2011 Tsunami Warning System

29.  1.With many earthquakes, the greatest damage to structures is from landslides and group subsidence or the sinking of the ground triggered by the vibrations. Other dangers

30.  1.In 1994 an earthquake in Northridge, Ca caused 57 deaths and about $40 billion in damage. 2.Scientists warn quakes of similar strength will occur. 3.But how do we know? Predicting Earthquakes

31.  1.The goal is to provide an early warning system of the location and magnitude of an earthquake 2.Researcher monitor possible precursors that may warn, like rock strain 3.So far, methods for short-range predictions are not very successful. Short- Range Prediction

32.  1.Long-range give the probability of a certain magnitude occurring within 30 to 100 plus years 2.Scientists study historical records to look for patterns. 3.Seismic gap is an area along a fault where there has not been any earthquake for a long period of time Long-Range Forecasts

33.  Section 8.4 Earth’s Interior

34.  1.Earths interior consists of three major zones defined by its chemical composition, the crust, mantle and core. Layers Defined

35.  1.Thin, rocky outer layer of earth 2.2 types: a.Oceanic (4 miles thick) b. Continental (40 miles thick) 3.Continental rocks are over 4 billion years old 4.Oceanic are younger, 180 million years or less Crust

36.  1.Over 82 percent of Earth’s volume is in the mantle 2.Solid, rocky shell that extends to a depth of 2900km (1,802 miles) 3.Boundary between crust and mantle represents a change in chemical composition 4.Upper layer and lower layer 5.Rocks of the lower layer are very hot, laying on top of the core. Mantle

37.  1.Lithosphere- Earth’s outmost layer, rigid shell 2.Asthenosphere- soft, weaker layer (near melting point) 3.Both part of the upper mantle Lithosphere and Asthenosphere

38.  1.Composted of iron-nickel alloy 2.Extreme pressures found in the center core (13 times heavier then water) 3.Two parts a.Outer Core- Liquid layer 2260km thick b.Inner Core- Solid layer, high temp and immense pressure 1120 km. Core

39.  1.1909- a Croatian seismologist, Mohorovicic, presented evidence for layering within Earth. 2.By studying records, he found that waves increase abruptly below 50 km of depth. 3.This boundary separates the crust from the underlying mantle and is known as Mohorovici discontinuity. 4.Shorted to Moho. Discovering Earth’s Layers

40.  1.Early seismic data and drilling technology indicate that the continental crust is mostly made of lighter, granitic rock. 2.The crust of the ocean floor has basaltic composition. 3.Earths core is thought to be mainly dense iron and nickel, similar to metallic meteorites. Discovering Earth’s Composition

41.   Write a short fictional story about a trip to Earth’s core. Make sure the details about the layers of Earth's interior are scientifically accurate. Writing in Science