1. Multi-Core CPUs Matt Kuehn

2. Roadmap ► Intel vs AMD ► Early multi-core processors ► Threads vs Physical Cores ► Multithreading and Multi-core processing ► Current development direction ► Passmark benchmarks ► Conclusion

3. Intel ► Founded July 1968 ► Integrated Electronics ► Largest provider of CPUs ► Inventor of the x86 architecture ► First commercial microprocessor chip in 1971 ► CISC

4. CISC ► Complex Instruction Set Computing ► Emphasis on hardware ► Memory to Memory operations ► Commands that are operations  Ex) MULT X*Y translates to x = x * y ► Small code size

5. AMD ► Advanced Micro Devices ► Founded May 1969 ► Second largest supplier of microprocessors ► Merged with ATI Technologies in 2006 ► Only significant rival to Intel in CPU Market ► RISC

6. RISC ► Reduced Instruction Set Computing ► Emphasis on software ► Register to Register operations  Similar to COSC 300 ► Commands that are single steps  Ex LOAD X, LOAD Y, PROD X,Y, STORE X ► Simple operations translate to lengthy code

7. Pentium 4 HT ► First mainstream solution to add an additional ‘core’ ► One core on the chip ► Used Hyper-Threading Technology ► Two ‘logical’ or ‘virtual’ CPUs ► OS can schedule two processes at the same time

8. First Dual Core Processor ► Opteron server CPU ► First demonstrated in August 2004 ► Created by AMD ► Dual Core ► Demonstration machine was a server powered by 4 Opteron chips

9. WHAT?! So what’s the difference between a core and a thread???

10. Core ► Essentially a CPU ► Has own resources  Registers, cache, etc… ► Everything a physical CPU would have  ALU  Control Unit  Clock ► Costly to add to chip

11. Thread ► Essentially a virtual CPU ► Does not have any physical resources  Shares resources with a physical core ► Inexpensive compared to a Core ► Does not provide the same throughput as a physical Core ► High improvement to cost ratio

12. Multi Core Processing ► Exploit concurrency to spread work ► Running tasks = Processors in a system ► Improves absolute performance ► Optimal single core processor leads to a new CPU with multiple optimal single cores

13. Multithreading ► Also exploit concurrency of multiple tasks ► Processor level optimization  Improve area and energy efficiency ► Replicates resources virtually ► Slightly larger chip, greatly increased performance  Ex) 15% increase in area leads to 60% increase in throughput

14. Current Direction ► Intel  Multiple Physical Cores  Threads Current high end: ► Core i7  4 Cores  8 Threads of execution ► AMD  Multiple Physical Cores  Multi-core processing Current high end: ► FX 8-Core  8 physical cores

15. Passmark ► Released late 2002

16. Passmark ► Released 2004 ► Released 2011

17. Conclusion ► Intel vs AMD  RISC and CISC ► Early solutions to Multi-Core CPUs  Physical and Logical ► Threads vs Cores ► Multithreading vs Milti-Core processing ► Benchmark testing via Passmark

18. Questions?

19. References ► http://www.amd.com/us/press-releases/Pages/Press_Release_89872.aspx http://www.amd.com/us/press-releases/Pages/Press_Release_89872.aspx ► http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/company-overview/company- facts.html http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/company-overview/company- facts.html http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/company-overview/company- facts.html ► http://www.amd.com/us/aboutamd/corporate-information/Pages/corporate- info.aspx http://www.amd.com/us/aboutamd/corporate-information/Pages/corporate- info.aspx http://www.amd.com/us/aboutamd/corporate-information/Pages/corporate- info.aspx ► http://www-cs- faculty.stanford.edu/~eroberts/courses/soco/projects/risc/risccisc/ http://www-cs- faculty.stanford.edu/~eroberts/courses/soco/projects/risc/risccisc/ http://www-cs- faculty.stanford.edu/~eroberts/courses/soco/projects/risc/risccisc/ ► http://eetimes.com/design/automotive-design/4004762/Demystifying- multithreading-and-multi-core http://eetimes.com/design/automotive-design/4004762/Demystifying- multithreading-and-multi-core http://eetimes.com/design/automotive-design/4004762/Demystifying- multithreading-and-multi-core ► http://www.passmark.com/ http://www.passmark.com/