1. The Civilization of the Greeks Chapter 3

2. Early Greece  Geography  Mountains  Sea  Minoan Crete (c. 2000 – 1450 B.C.E.)  Knossus  Catastrophic collapse (c. 1450 B.C.E.)

3. Early Greece  The First Greek State: Mycenae  Flourished between 1400 – 1200 B.C.E.  Indo-Europeans  Powerful monarchies  Fortified palace complexes  Warrior society  Trojan War, c. 1250 B.C.E.  Mycenae destroyed c. 1190 B.C.E.

4. The Greeks in a Dark Age (c. 1100 – c. 750 B.C.E.)  Period of Decline  Farming revived (c. 850 B.C.E.)  Migrations to Ionia  Revival of some trade  Use of iron  Adoption of Phoenician alphabet  Homer  The Iliad and the Trojan War  The Odyssey  Heroes and values

5. The World of the Greek City-States (c. 750 – c. 500 B.C.E.)  The Polis  Town or city and surrounding countryside  Acropolis  Agora  Citizenship  Rights and responsibilities  A new military system  Hoplites and phalanx  Military and political repercussions

6. The World of the Greek City-States (c. 750 – c. 500 B.C.E.)  Colonization and the Growth of Trade  Causes: poverty, land hunger, and trade  The effects of colonization  Diffusion of Greek culture  Development of Greek identity  Increased trade and industry  Tyranny in the Greek Polis  Seized power by force  The example of Corinth  The Bacchiad family

7. Sparta  Unification and domination of Laconia  Perioikoi and helots  Conquest of the Messenians, 730 B.C.E.  Lycurgan reforms  The New Sparta  Barracks and military life  Spartan women  Spartan social structure  The Spartan State  Oligarchy: kings, ephors, elders, and assembly  Isolationism  Peloponnesian League

8. Athens  Unification in Attica, 700 B.C.E.  Economic problems and political turmoil  The Reforms of Solon  Compromise economic and political reforms  The Move to Tyranny  Pisistratus  The Reforms of Cleisthenes  Ten tribes – cross section of population  Council of Five Hundred(50 from each tribe)  Democracy: power to the people

9. Greek Culture in the Archaic Age  Revitalization of Greek Art and Literature  Kouros  Lyric poetry  Sappho  Hesiod  Theognis

10. The High Point of Greek Civilization: Classical Greece  The Challenge of Persia  Ionian Revolt (499 – 494 B.C.E.)  The First Persian Attack (490 B.C.E.)  Battle of Marathon  Themistocles and the development of an Athenian navy  The Invasion of Xerxes  Battle of Thermopylae (480 B.C.E.)  Battle of Salamis (480 B.C.E.)  Trireme  Battle of Plataea (479 B.C.E.)

11. The Growth of an Athenian Empire  Delian League (organized 478 – 477 B.C.E.)  The Age of Pericles  The growth of democracy  The assembly  Magistrates  Ostracism  Athenian Imperialism  Control over Delian League  Skirmishes with Sparta

12. The Great Peloponnesian War (431 – 404 B.C.E.)  Causation: Spartan Fear of Athens  Strategies  Athens – Naval Power; Sparta – Land Power  The Impact of Plague (430 B.C.E.)  Death of Pericles (429 B.C.E.)  Destruction of Athenian Fleet (405 B.C.E.)  Athens Surrenders (404 B.C.E.)

13. The Decline of the Greek States (404- 338 B.C.E.)  Continuing Warfare Among the Greeks  Spartan leadership in Greek affairs  The “Thirty Tyrants” and restored democracy in Athens  The influence of Persia  The Rise of Thebes  Epaminondas and the defeat of Sparta

14. Culture and Society of Classical Greece  The Writing of History  Herodotus (c. 484 – c. 425 B.C.E.)  The Persian Wars  Thucydides (c. 460-c. 400 B.C.E.)  History of the Peloponnesian War  Greek Drama  Tragedy  Aeschylus (525-456 B.C.E.)  Sophocles (c. 496-406 B.C.E.)  Euripides (c. 485-406 B.C.E.)  Themes: good/evil, self/society, humanity/divinity  Comedy: Aristophanes (c. 450-c. 385 B.C.E.)

15. The Arts: The Classical Ideal  Architecture  Temples  The Athenian rebuilding program  Sculpture  A standard of ideal beauty  Mathematical ratios found in nature

16. The Greek Love of Wisdom  Philosophy (“Love of Wisdom”)  Early speculation on the nature of the universe  Sophists and the study of human behavior  Socrates (469 – 399 B.C.E.)  Questioning and the Socratic method  Plato (c. 429 – 347 B.C.E.)  The Forms  The Republic  Aristotle (384 – 322 B.C.E.)  Politics

17. Greek Religion  Intricate Connections to Daily Life  Festivals and the Poleis  The Twelve Olympian Gods and Goddesses  The will of the gods  The oracle of Apollo at Delphi  Olympic festivals (began in 776 B.C.E.)

18. Life in Classical Athens  Exclusion: 150,000 citizens – 43,000 adult males with political power  Slavery and the Economy  Agriculture  Trade  Artisans  A Simple Lifestyle  Family and Relationships  Women: opportunities and limitations  Male homosexuality

19. Discussion Questions  What role did geography have on Greek history and civilization?  What brought about the Dark Ages in ancient Greece?  How did Themistocles save Greece from the Persians?  Why was the polis the preferred form of government in ancient Greece?  How did the Persian Wars lay the seeds for the Peloponnesian Wars?  What were the defining features of Greek art?  How did Plato’s Republic challenge democratic ideals?  What impact did Greek philosophers have on the Western intellectual tradition?  What function did festivals and public rituals play in Greek religion?