2. Athens

3. Monarchy: A monarchy has a king or queen, who sometimes has absolute power. Power is passed along through the family Aristocracy: Rule by a small group of Land owning elites Tyranny: Ruled by one person, the tyrant who takes power Democracy: Rule in which people can vote, Government by the people, exercised either directly or through elected representatives

4. On its way from a Monarchy to Democracy Athens had several people who made important reforms to government. In 700 B.C Athens was a monarchy. Next, wealthy Aristocrats took power because they owned/controlled most of the land. Increased trade led to the development of a merchant class who became the tyrants.

5. Direct Democracy: a system of government in which the people participate directly in government decision making through mass meetings. Council of 500: because the assembly could not meet every day the council decided which issues would be addressed by the assembly (An Agenda) VOTING: Citizens ONLY which meant only males Representative: People elect a representatives Modern Debate: the elected representatives debate VOTING: Citizens: must be 18, registered, An American citizen (born or residence for certain amount of time and then take a test. Then….Now…..

6. Draco: In the 7 th century he was first to codify and write down the laws of Athens. His code was famous for its harshness and death was the penalty for most crimes. Solon: (638-559 B.C.E.?) a reformed aristocrat that cancelled all land debts and freed people who had fallen into slavery for debt, opened high government offices to all citizens, also encouraged the exportation of wine and oil helping the merchant class

7. Cleisthenes: created the council of five hundred that oversaw foreign affairs and made laws that were voted on by the assembly. The assembly was made up of Athenian citizens and was given final authority to pass laws after free and open debate.

8. Male –Wealthy boys attend school –Learned to read, write,music and poetry –Young men encouraged to study many subjects –Men only allowed to participate in government Female –Managed entire household –Wealthy women lived in seclusion and rarely left the home –Poor women worked as spinners, weavers or assistant potters –Girls received little to no education

9. Sparta

10. A military state “Sparta” means Highly disciplined Rigid Social Structure Around 1100 B.C.E. the Spartans migrated to the Pelonnesus and built the city of Sparta

11. Aggressive military society Spartans needed more land and conquered neighboring lands –Helots: people from conquered lands that became slaves –For every one Spartan there was 5 helots Hoplites: heavily armed infantry soldiers Phalanx: when hoplites formed a unit in the shape of a rectangle in preparation for war.

12. At age 7 boys started military training and lived in barracks At age 20 entered the army and were permitted to marry but still required to live in barracks Age 30 can move out of the barracks and were allowed to vote in the assembly At age 60 men were allowed to retire from the army

13. Freedoms –Had the right to inherit property –Due to the military system, women had more power in the household and a greater freedom of movement Restrictions - Had to obey their fathers and husbands - They were expected to exercise and remain fit to bear healthy children

14. Oligarchy: led by two kings, one to remain in the polis and the other to fight wars Council of Elders: decides on issues that would be presented to the assembly Assembly all men over 30, did not debate only voted Ephors: group of 5 men, elected every year responsible for the education of the youth - Spartans did not like foreigners because, they could introduce new ideas