1. The Bose-Einstein Condensate BY: IVEN, ARYAMAN, PARSON AND BALJOT

2. What is it?  A state of matter that consists of a collection of atoms near absolute zero; all the atoms have the lowest possible quantum energy level  This state is often referred to as the fifth state; the previous four being solid, liquid, gas and plasma as the first, second, third and fourth states respectively

3. What are the Required Conditions?  The temperature has to be within a few billionths of a degree of absolute zero. Absolute zero is 0K which is -273.15°C  This doesn’t work with all elements, only Rubidium and Sodium have been made into Bose-Einstein condensate. -100 -273.15 Haha, I would cry but my tears have condensated! Sub Zero Sodium Bose-Einstein Condensate

4. What Happens at this Temperature?  Due to the extreme cold conditions atoms almost lose all of their energy and reach their lowest possible quantum level  Since all the atoms have the same amount of energy they all come together on top of each other and form a super atom Trust me, its cold…

5. Theory of the BEC (Bose-Einstein Condensate)  BEC theory traces back to 1924, when Bose considered how groups of photons behave  Photons belong to one of the two great classes of elementary or submicroscopic particles defined by whether their quantum principal is a nonnegative integer (0, 1, 2, …) or their quantum spin is an odd half integer (1/2, -1/2, …)  The former type, called bosons, includes photons, whose spin is 1. The latter type, called fermions, includes electrons, whose spin is 1/2 As Bose noted, the two classes behave differently.  According to the Pauli Exclusion Principle, fermions tend to avoid each other, for which reason each electron in a group occupies a separate quantum state (indicated by different quantum numbers, such as the electron’s energy)  In contrast, an unlimited number of bosons can have the same energy state and share a single quantum state.

6. Applications of BEC  BEC research has yielded new atomic and optical physics, such as the atom laser Ketterle demonstrated in 1996  A conventional laser emits a beam of coherent photons; they are all exactly in phase and can be focused to an extremely small, bright spot  Similarly, an atom laser produces a coherent beam of atoms that can be focused at high intensity  Potential applications include more-accurate atomic clocks and enhanced techniques to make electronic chips, or integrated circuits.

7. Fun Fact!

8. You Choose!  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nAGPAb4obs8 (video on what a BEC is) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nAGPAb4obs8  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EK6HxdUQm5s (video on the application and on what happens to light in a BEC) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EK6HxdUQm5s