1. Divisive Politics of Slavery “I have, Senators, believed from the first that the agitation of the subject of slavery would, if not prevented by some timely and effective measure, end in disunion. … The agitation has been permitted to proceed… until it has reached a period when it can no longer be disguised or denied that the Union is in danger. You have thus had forced upon you the greatest and the gravest question that can ever come under your consideration: How can the Union be preserved?” - Senator John C. Calhoun, Compromise of 1850 (pg. 156)

2. Missouri Compromise, 1820

3. Characteristics of the Antebellum* South 1.Primarily agrarian (farms). 2.“Cotton Is King!” a. 1860  5 mil. bales a yr. (57% of total US exports). 3.Very slow development of industrialization. 4.Rudimentary (basic) financial system. 5.Inadequate transportation system. * pre-Civil War era

4. Southern Society (1850) “Slavocracy” [plantation owners] The “Plain Folk” [white yeoman farmers] 6,000,000 Black Freemen Black Slaves 3,200,000 250,000 Total US Population  23,000,000 [9,250,000 in the South = 40%]

5. Slave-Owning Families (1850)

6. Southern Population

7. Changes in Cotton Production 1820 1860

8. Slavery in New States?  Republic of CA applied for statehood in 1850.  CA’s constitution forbade slavery.  Southerners believed CA should allow slavery due to the Missouri Compromise. S. states threaten secession (to secede/ leave the Union of the States) R e m e m b e r t h e C a t h o l i c s ? !

9. Compromise of 1850  Henry Clay, “The Great Compromiser,” worked to form a compromise. CA would be a free state. stronger fugitive slave laws written New territories (NM & UT) would be given popular sovereignty. People in those states vote to decide whether to be slave or free

10. Compromise of 1850

11. The Underground Railroad  See page 159.  A network of escape routes slaves used to escape from the South w/ the help of “conductors”  Harriet Tubman, a former slave, was most famous conductor. She helped 300 slaves escape.

13. Quilt Patterns as Secret Messages The Monkey Wrench pattern, on the left, alerted escapees to gather up tools and prepare to flee; the Drunkard Path design, on the right, warned escapees not to follow a straight route.

14. Runaway Slave Ads

15. Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811 – 1896)

16. “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”, 1852  Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe  Exposed the horrors of slavery  Argued slavery was not just a political issue, but also a moral issue  Abolitionists get “fired up!”  Southern slave owners get angry “So this is the lady who started the Civil War…”

17. Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852  Sold 300,000 copies in the first year.  2 million in a decade!  Sold 300,000 copies in the first year.  2 million in a decade!

18. Kansas and Nebraska  KA & NB are north of the Missouri Comp. line Which applies: MO. Comp. or Pop. Sovereignty?  The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) divided the territory into two states (Nebraska in the N, Kansas in the S). Allowed popular sovereignty in both states. This prompted a race to settle the territory by both abolitionists (north) and pro-slave (south)

19. Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

20. Bleeding Kansas- Mini Civil War?  In 1855, a vote was held in KS to est. the slavery policy.  Citizens from Missouri & Iowa crossed the border to tip the votes in favor of their respective sides. Bloody violence broke out b/t abolitionists and proslavery people.  This led to increased bitterness between North and South.

21. “Bleeding Kansas” Border “Ruffians” (pro-slavery Missourians)

23. The Crime Against Kansas = Violence in the Senate  Charles Sumner spoke against slavery to the senate.  He singled out southern senator Andrew Butler who favored slavery.  Butler’s nephew, Preston Brooks, attacked. Sumner has brain damage & cannot serve for 3 years

24. New Political Parties  Whig party falls apart (split on slavery): former Whigs look for a new party  American/Know-Nothing Party: nativists anti-immigration, split on slavery  Democratic Party: pro-slavery  Republicans: abolitionist  Liberty Party: abolitionist  Free Soil Party: opposed slavery b/c slavery competed w/ the cheap labor of whites. Many were racists.

25. Dred Scott vs. Sanford, 1857  Dred Scott, a slave, sued for freedom.  Argument: He had been illegally enslaved.  Supreme Court: ruled against Scott Son of a slave owner, Chief Justice Taney. Most of the Justices on the Supreme Court were from the South.

26. Lincoln-Douglas Debate, 1858

27.  Senate race between Steven Douglas and Abraham Lincoln  Both opposed slavery  Douglas – supported popular sovereignty  Lincoln – slavery is immoral. Wants to stop it from spreading, but not outlaw it already in effect

28. Turner’s Rebellion (1831) & Harper’s Ferry (1859)  Nat Turner: VA slave who, w/ 50 other slaves, killed 60 whites. (1831)  John Brown: attempted to start a slave uprising (1859)  he, w/ 21 other men, to raid a Federal arsenal of weapons in Harper’s Ferry VA.  failed.  He was tried and executed.

30. Lincoln Becomes President, 1860 “A house divided against itself cannot stand”

31.  Moderate views on slavery: didn’t want it to expand, but would allow it to continue in the states that already had it ◊ Dec. 1860: S. Carolina secedes from the Union Followed by MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX in 1860 ◊ VA, AK, NC, TN secede 1861 ◊ VA splits, creating W. VA= Union State (1863) Abraham Lincoln

32. The Confederate States of America  Formed by States that Seceded  Jefferson Davis is named President  They write a new constitution Surprise! Slavery is legal…