1. A New Mechanism To Destroy The International Food Security on the Way … We Must Act Quickly New Race of Wheat Black Stem Rust Causal Agent (Ug99) was Born

2. Dr.Mohammed AL-Hamdany Plant Pathologist, Chief Scientific Researches Plant Pathologist, Chief Scientific Researches Department Head of Plant Pathology Department Head of Plant Pathology Genetics and Plant Breeding Centre Genetics and Plant Breeding Centre Ministry of Science and Technology Ministry of Science and Technology

3. Puccinia graminis 1. Has a complex life cycle. 1. Has a complex life cycle. 2. The pathogen need two hosts to complete its life cycle, Barberry and Wheat. 2. The pathogen need two hosts to complete its life cycle, Barberry and Wheat.

4. Puccinia graminis 3.In spring and summer, infections on wheat existed as Uredium and Urediospores 3.In spring and summer, infections on wheat existed as Uredium and Urediospores 4. Dissemination and spreading of spores and infections to other wheat plants either in the same field or other fields, regions and countries depend on the environmental conditions and host reactions (cultivars used). 4. Dissemination and spreading of spores and infections to other wheat plants either in the same field or other fields, regions and countries depend on the environmental conditions and host reactions (cultivars used).

5. Disease Symptoms and Signs on Wheat Stems

9. Alexandria, Egypt. October 9-11, 2006

10. Life Cycle Stages 1. Basidium from Teliospores (Wheat) 1. Basidium from Teliospores (Wheat) 2. Pycnium from Basidiospores (Barbary) 2. Pycnium from Basidiospores (Barbary) 3. Aecium following mating** (= = = =) 3. Aecium following mating** (= = = =) 4. Uredium from Aeciospores (Wheat) 4. Uredium from Aeciospores (Wheat) 5. Telium following Uredium Stage (= = ) 5. Telium following Uredium Stage (= = )

11. Life Cycle of P.graminis

12. Uredium & Urediospores on Wheat Plants

13. Telial Stage & Teliospores on Wheat

14. Infection Process on Barberry by Basidiospores

15. Pycnial & Aecial Stages on Barberry Leaves

16. Aeciospores Infect Wheat Only

17. Uredium & Urediospores On Wheat Following Aeciospore Infections

18. How The Sr Pathogen Cause Damage on Wheat Plants Stem rust blocks the vascular tissues in cereal grains including wheat, oats and barley. Unlike leaf or stripe rusts that may reduce crop yields, Ug99-infected plants may suffer up to 100 percent loss. Stem rust blocks the vascular tissues in cereal grains including wheat, oats and barley. Unlike leaf or stripe rusts that may reduce crop yields, Ug99-infected plants may suffer up to 100 percent loss.

19. Sr Damages on Wheat Pathogen attacks the aboveground wheat plants. Pathogen attacks the aboveground wheat plants. Infected Plants produced fewer tillers and set fewer seeds in each spike Infected Plants produced fewer tillers and set fewer seeds in each spike Wheat Plants may die under heavy disease severity Wheat Plants may die under heavy disease severity

20. Yield Loss In Wheat Depend on Pathogen Virulence Pathogen Virulence Susceptible Wheat Cultivars Susceptible Wheat Cultivars Favourable climate Conditions Favourable climate Conditions Time Time

21. Disease Epidemic Epidemic occur as a consequence of growing susceptible cultivars Epidemic occur as a consequence of growing susceptible cultivars Dynamics of rust epidemic are very much like those of FIRE in forest or push fire Dynamics of rust epidemic are very much like those of FIRE in forest or push fire

22. Ingredients of Fires (Rust Epid.) 1. Fuel.. Area & Sus.Cult.,Degree of Sus. 1. Fuel.. Area & Sus.Cult.,Degree of Sus. 2. Ignition Points.. Amount of Init. Inoculum. 2. Ignition Points.. Amount of Init. Inoculum. 3. Favourable Clim.Cond... Temp. & Moist. 3. Favourable Clim.Cond... Temp. & Moist. 4.Air Movement 4.Air Movement ONE STARTED BOTH ARE DIFFICULT TO STOP ONE STARTED BOTH ARE DIFFICULT TO STOP

23. Inoculum Income …….. Numbers and Time of the Primary Infection Sites Will Significantly Determine the Yield Loss in Wheat Numbers and Time of the Primary Infection Sites Will Significantly Determine the Yield Loss in Wheat

24. Kirby and Archer 1992. Rust Disease of Wheat (CIMMYT Pub.) Alexandria, Egypt. October 9-11, 2006

25. Yield losses Canada: Control of SR. estimated @.$350 million (can) ( if epidemic similar to 1954 ) Australia: Yield loss in 1973, $200 million (Aus.) (today eq. $ 1+ billion) USA: Yield loss (MN, ND, SD) in 1904, $10 million (US $)

26. GRI-Alexandria, Egypt. October 9-11, 2006 South Africa: Combined leaf and stem rust infections of leading spring variety SST88 reduced single plant yield by 43%1990 ’ s

27. Race a group of individuals (Spores, Fungal structures, cells and particles, etc. ) of a pathogen having identical genetic traits with other groups of the same pathogen BUT its different from the others in its virulence a group of individuals (Spores, Fungal structures, cells and particles, etc. ) of a pathogen having identical genetic traits with other groups of the same pathogen BUT its different from the others in its virulence

28. Virulence and Aggressiveness Virulence : Ability of certain pathogen race to overcome a certain resistant gene in a certain cultivar. Virulence : Ability of certain pathogen race to overcome a certain resistant gene in a certain cultivar. Aggressiveness: Ability of Pathogen (Race) to cause the highest level of infection in a shortest time Aggressiveness: Ability of Pathogen (Race) to cause the highest level of infection in a shortest time

29. Resistant Genes in Wheat Special For P. graminis The Scientists have been successfully identify numerous resistant genes in Wheat (Sr) following 1954. The Scientists have been successfully identify numerous resistant genes in Wheat (Sr) following 1954. Pathogen Races have been overcome resistant genes in wheat … Therefore, all the breeding programs through an excellent cooperation with the plant pathologist developed wheat cultivars carrying resistant genes Pathogen Races have been overcome resistant genes in wheat … Therefore, all the breeding programs through an excellent cooperation with the plant pathologist developed wheat cultivars carrying resistant genes

30. Black Stem Rust In Iraq Since Stem Rust need high temperature (20-25C̊) during wheat season in particular during Feb.- March which its rarely occurred in Iraq, the disease was considered as a secondary one. Therefore, all the activities have been concentrated on Leaf and Yellow rust diseases because the environmental conditions during wheat seasons in Iraq are suitable for primary infections and disease development Since Stem Rust need high temperature (20-25C̊) during wheat season in particular during Feb.- March which its rarely occurred in Iraq, the disease was considered as a secondary one. Therefore, all the activities have been concentrated on Leaf and Yellow rust diseases because the environmental conditions during wheat seasons in Iraq are suitable for primary infections and disease development

31. How Did the Ug99(TTKS) Develop The Race was first noted in Uganda in 1999 as a result of new recombination on alternate host. The race has spread throughout the highlands of East Africa. In January 2007, spores blew across to Yemen, and north into Sudan. The race was reported in Iran Also. The Scientists wrongly thought that Black stem rust become not frightening disease of wheat Due to the resistant genes carried by most wheat cultivars in particular wheat belt regions in Asia (India and Pakistan) and USA. Most Landraces Wheat Cultivars in Wheat Belt carried Sr31 and Sr24. Most Landraces Wheat Cultivars in Wheat Belt carried Sr31 and Sr24. Ug99 overcome Sr31&Sr24 Ug99 overcome Sr31&Sr24

32. Epidemic Form of P.graminis in 1950s New Race of P.graminis (15B) destroyed 40% of spring wheat cultivars in USA in 1954. New Race of P.graminis (15B) destroyed 40% of spring wheat cultivars in USA in 1954. Norman Borlaug initiated a comprehensive breeding program aimed to develop highly resistant wheat cultivars following that disaster. Norman Borlaug initiated a comprehensive breeding program aimed to develop highly resistant wheat cultivars following that disaster. The new developed cultivars resist all the population diversity of P.graminis (existed races) around the world. The new developed cultivars resist all the population diversity of P.graminis (existed races) around the world. The resistant reactions in wheat cultivars lasted 45 years …… Until the appearance of Ug99 which destroyed every things. The resistant reactions in wheat cultivars lasted 45 years …… Until the appearance of Ug99 which destroyed every things. Therefore Ug99 destroyed the infrastructure of Breeding programs for Black stem rust resistance since 1950s in the last century as Borlaug said. Therefore Ug99 destroyed the infrastructure of Breeding programs for Black stem rust resistance since 1950s in the last century as Borlaug said.

33. Do We Have Ug99 on Iraqi Wheat Cultivars WE DON ’ T KNOW …….Because We don ’ t Have any wheat cultivar carrying known or unknown resistant gene or genes as they did in Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia,Yemen and Iran. WE DON ’ T KNOW …….Because We don ’ t Have any wheat cultivar carrying known or unknown resistant gene or genes as they did in Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia,Yemen and Iran. Ug99 was discovered in Uganda in 1999 when wheat cultivars carrying Sr31 resistant genes showed susceptible reactions. Ug99 was discovered in Uganda in 1999 when wheat cultivars carrying Sr31 resistant genes showed susceptible reactions.

34. Dissemination Path of Ug99 Urediospores The governments and the Ministries of Agriculture in Uganda and Kenya Ignored the Scientists warning and refused to set a budget to study this unusual phenomenon. The governments and the Ministries of Agriculture in Uganda and Kenya Ignored the Scientists warning and refused to set a budget to study this unusual phenomenon. Ug99 successfully built its inoculum's units, and moved by wind toward the North Eastern Africa during many seasons. Ug99 successfully built its inoculum's units, and moved by wind toward the North Eastern Africa during many seasons. In January 2007, Urediospores crossrd the red sea and reached Yemen. In January 2007, Urediospores crossrd the red sea and reached Yemen. Ug99 reported in Sudan Ug99 reported in Sudan In march 2008, Ug99 was detected in western Iran (Near Iraqi Borders). In march 2008, Ug99 was detected in western Iran (Near Iraqi Borders).

35. Expected Path of Ug99 Dissemination

36. Frightening Results Its estimated that as much as 80% of all wheat cultivars planted in Asia and Africa showed susceptible reactions to Ug99. Its estimated that as much as 80% of all wheat cultivars planted in Asia and Africa showed susceptible reactions to Ug99. 80% of 200 wheat cultivars from USA showed susceptible reactions. 80% of 200 wheat cultivars from USA showed susceptible reactions. Most US Wheat Cultivars (Spring and Winter) will be change during the next four years. Most US Wheat Cultivars (Spring and Winter) will be change during the next four years..

37. The Question in which its answer threaten us … How Did Ug99 Reach Iran The Question in which its answer threaten us … How Did Ug99 Reach Iran

38. Possible Ways of Reaching Iran 1. Through the air currents which carried the urediospores of P.stiriiformis in 1990s, from Yemen-KSA -Syria-Jordan, Iraq and then Iran. 1. Through the air currents which carried the urediospores of P.stiriiformis in 1990s, from Yemen-KSA -Syria-Jordan, Iraq and then Iran. 2. By Human (Scientists) during their visit to Uganda or Kenya( one Infected Leaf) 2. By Human (Scientists) during their visit to Uganda or Kenya( one Infected Leaf) 3. Contamination of Visitors dresses during their walk in rusted field in African Countries. 3. Contamination of Visitors dresses during their walk in rusted field in African Countries.

39. Meaning of Arriving Iran Ug99 is Now at the Front Door of The Major Wheat Production Areas in Asia, Which Consist 20-25% of Annual World Production of Wheat. Ug99 is Now at the Front Door of The Major Wheat Production Areas in Asia, Which Consist 20-25% of Annual World Production of Wheat. Countries east of Iran, like Afgan.,India,Pak.,Turkm.,Uzbek., and Kazak., and all major wheat producers, are most threatened by Ug99 and Should be on high alert …. Countries east of Iran, like Afgan.,India,Pak.,Turkm.,Uzbek., and Kazak., and all major wheat producers, are most threatened by Ug99 and Should be on high alert ….

40. The Ugly Face of Ug99 Ug99 strain found in Yemen was more virulent than the one found in East Africa!!!!!!!!!!. Ug99 strain found in Yemen was more virulent than the one found in East Africa!!!!!!!!!!. Ug99 will likely hybridize with P.graminis isolates that are native to Iran !!. Therefore, the isolates coming out of Iran will probably be different than the Ug99!!!!!. Ug99 will likely hybridize with P.graminis isolates that are native to Iran !!. Therefore, the isolates coming out of Iran will probably be different than the Ug99!!!!!.

41. International Scientific Responses 1. Disease surveillance and wheat breeding are already underway to monitor P.graminis and to develop Ug99 resistant varieties. 1. Disease surveillance and wheat breeding are already underway to monitor P.graminis and to develop Ug99 resistant varieties. 2. FAO urged countries to increase disease surveillance and intensify efforts to control the disease. 2. FAO urged countries to increase disease surveillance and intensify efforts to control the disease. 3. Scientists from ICARDA,CIMMYT,FAO,Ethiopia,Kenya,Egypt,Yemen,USA and Canada attended the International Consultation Meeting in Addis Ababa, 1-3, October,2007. … Establishment of monitoring and forecasting mechanisms for various races of P.graminis particularly a very virulent new one (Ug99), Using Geographic Information System (GIS). 3. Scientists from ICARDA,CIMMYT,FAO,Ethiopia,Kenya,Egypt,Yemen,USA and Canada attended the International Consultation Meeting in Addis Ababa, 1-3, October,2007. … Establishment of monitoring and forecasting mechanisms for various races of P.graminis particularly a very virulent new one (Ug99), Using Geographic Information System (GIS).

42. 4. Workshop meeting at ICARDA Centre in Aleppo, Syria (10-11 march,2008) in a cooperation with FAO,,CIMMYT and Cornel University (USA). Egypt, Erteria,Ethiopia,Iran,Kenya,Morooco,Nep al,Pakistan,Sudan,Syria,Turky,Tunisia,Oro gway, and Yemen were participated. 4. Workshop meeting at ICARDA Centre in Aleppo, Syria (10-11 march,2008) in a cooperation with FAO,,CIMMYT and Cornel University (USA). Egypt, Erteria,Ethiopia,Iran,Kenya,Morooco,Nep al,Pakistan,Sudan,Syria,Turky,Tunisia,Oro gway, and Yemen were participated.

43. 5. Borlaug Global Rust Initiative (BGRI)..was established to combat wheat rust around the world ….. 6. BGRI supports countries in developing resistant cultivars, producing clean quality seeds, upgrading national plant protection and plant breeding services. 6. BGRI supports countries in developing resistant cultivars, producing clean quality seeds, upgrading national plant protection and plant breeding services. 7. An early warning system based on FAOs Desert Locust information Service could help forecast the movement of stem rust, since both locust and Urediospores follow wind currents. 7. An early warning system based on FAOs Desert Locust information Service could help forecast the movement of stem rust, since both locust and Urediospores follow wind currents..

44. Scientific Responses …… cont. 8. Global Rust Initiative (GRI), succefully identify many wheat genotypes having resistant reaction toUg99. 8. Global Rust Initiative (GRI), succefully identify many wheat genotypes having resistant reaction toUg99. 9. Most wheat cultivars planted in the world were evaluated for disease response against Ug99 in Kenya and Ethiopia. 9. Most wheat cultivars planted in the world were evaluated for disease response against Ug99 in Kenya and Ethiopia. 10. Sr2 could be effective resistant gene 10. Sr2 could be effective resistant gene

45. What is The Worrisome thought Heavy Storm during Wheat season blowing from Yemen toward India and Pakistan through Iran. If this frightening thought really happen, 65 million hectares of wheat plants will be completely destroy …. Heavy Storm during Wheat season blowing from Yemen toward India and Pakistan through Iran. If this frightening thought really happen, 65 million hectares of wheat plants will be completely destroy ….

46. What Can We Do … 1. Scientific faith of the incoming challenge 1. Scientific faith of the incoming challenge 2. There is no time for meetings or Arguments on the importance of Ug99 2. There is no time for meetings or Arguments on the importance of Ug99 3. Visiting Yemen,KSA, Syria, and Iran as soon as possible to be a part in any ongoing project during the incoming season. 3. Visiting Yemen,KSA, Syria, and Iran as soon as possible to be a part in any ongoing project during the incoming season. 4. Evaluate the disease response of all Iraqi wheat cultivars along with the promising genotypes by growing them in Kenya or Ethiopia as the others did.. 4. Evaluate the disease response of all Iraqi wheat cultivars along with the promising genotypes by growing them in Kenya or Ethiopia as the others did.. 5. All Breeding programs for wheat improvement in Iraq must be centrally control by a scientific committee 5. All Breeding programs for wheat improvement in Iraq must be centrally control by a scientific committee 6. Establishing wheat traps in different regions consist of wheat cultivars carrying Sr genes in particular Sr31 and Sr24. 6. Establishing wheat traps in different regions consist of wheat cultivars carrying Sr genes in particular Sr31 and Sr24.