1. Change & Crisis Cusp of the Renaissance 1000s-1400s

2. Main Points Feudalism declines Democratic tradition evolves in England and France Europe is torn apart by plague, war, and religious strife

3. Feudalism Declines Growing Food Supply Guilds Commercial Revolution Urban Life Revival of Learning

4. Feudalism Declines: Growing Food Supply Horsepower Three-Field System

5. Feudalism Declines: Guilds Merchant guilds –Control # of goods being traded –Set prices Craft guilds –Apprentice, Journeyman, Master –Set standards for quality of work, wages, working conditions Economically/socially/ politically influential

6. Feudalism Declines: Commercial Revolution Expansion of trade and business Fair Days Banking

7. Feudalism Declines: Urban Life 1000-1150 – population increases from 30,000,000 to 42,000,000 Merchant Class/Burghers

8. Feudalism Declines: Revival of Learning Muslim connection Universities Thomas Aquinas & the Scholastics

9. England: Back Story Many Anglo-Saxon kingdoms/feudal states until 800s Growth of towns & villages leads to more centralized government

10. England: Early Invasions 800s: Danish Vikings 870s: Alfred the Great establishes England 1016: Danish Vikings return 1042: Edward takes the throne, but dies without heir

11. 1066 – Norman Conquest (William the Conqueror)

12. England: Government Goals –hold & acquire French land –Strengthen power over nobles and the Church Henry II (r. 1154-1189) & Eleanor of Aquitaine Henry II depicted in Cassell's History of England (1902)

13. England: Government Juries – King Henry II Common Law – King Henry II Magna Carta (1215) – King John –No taxation without representation –Trial by a jury of peers –Protection of the law Parliament (1295) – King Edward I

14. France: Back Story Post-Charlemagne: French counts and dukes rule lands as feudal lords 987: last Carolingian, Louis the Sluggard, died Hugh Capet established Capetian Dynasty 987-1328

15. France: Philip II (r. 1180-1223) Goal: weaken power of English kings Seized Normandy from King John in 1204 – went on to triple land in his control Central Government –Royal Bailiffs

16. France: Louis IX & Philip IV Centralization Estates General BUT LET’S NOT GET AHEAD OF OURSELVES…

17. Disasters: Church Divided (1300s) Philip IV vs. Pope Boniface VIII Avignon popes weaken the Church “A Roman, a Roman, we want a Roman.” Urban VI vs. Clement VII – The Great Schism 1414: Great Schism ends with election of Martin V Church permanently weakened

18. Disasters: Hundred Years’ War Last Capetian king dies without an heir Edward III (king of England) claims French throne as grandson of Philip IV French put forth Philip VI as King War 1337-1453 Real Cause: Chivalry

19. Disasters: Hundred Years’ War Early English victories – better organized, better army, industrialized French make a comeback and win Joan of Arc

20. Disasters: Hundred Years’ War Impact: –Nationalism –Monarch’s power increases –Internal turmoil for England –End of the Middle Ages ???

21. Next up…. RENAISSANCE