1. GROWTH OF NATION STATES (MEDIEVAL SOCIETY) How did this invention lead to the growth of Nation States?

2. I. GROWING FOOD SUPPLY A. USING HORSEPOWER 1. BENEFIT OF HORSE a) COULD PLOW MUCH FASTER 2. COLLAR HARNESS EFFECTS a) ALLOWED HORSE TO PULL PLOW b) EUROPE WAS DEFORESTED c)INCREASED FOOD SUPPLY

5. B. THREE FIELD SYSTEM 1. IMPROVEMENT a) DIVIDED LAND INTO 1/3’S b) MORE LAND UNDER CULTIVATION

7. …THREE FIELD SYSTEM 2. EFFECT a) INCREASED FOOD b) INCREASED POPULATION c) BETTER HEALTH

8. II. THE GUILDS A. GUILD - GROUP OF PEOPLE IN THE SAME BUSINESS 1. MERCHANT GUILD a) 1 ST GUILD, USED TO CONTROL TRADE

9. …GUILD 2. CRAFT GUILD a) WHEEL WRIGHTS, WINEMAKERS, TAILORS, DRUGGISTS b) SET STANDARDS FOR QUALITY,WAGES, & WORKING CONDITIONS

10. …GUILDS 3. EFFECTS OF GUILDS a) INCREASED LONG DISTANCE TRADE b) CREATED BETTER PRODUCTS c) INFLUENCED GOVERNMENT & ECONOMY

11. III. COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION A. ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES 1. INCREASED DEMANDS FOR MIDDLE EASTERN GOODS

12. ...CRUSADES 2. INCREASED PRODUCTION OF EUROPEAN GOODS FOR TRADE 3. ENCOURAGED USE OF CREDIT AND BANKING

13. B. FAIRS AND TRADE 1. WHO AND WHERE – PEASANTS TRAVELED TO TOWNS 2. WHAT – CLOTH, BACON, SALT, HONEY, CHEESE,

14. ...FAIRS & TRADE 3. EFFECT – PRODUCTION IS NO LONGER ON THE MANOR

15. C. BUSINESS & BANKING 1. BORROWING MONEY a) MERCHANTS - NEEDED MONEY TO PURCHASE GOODS b) LETTERS OF CREDIT MADE TRADING EASIER

16. ...BANKING c) USURY – LENDING MONEY AT INTEREST – SIN ACCORDING TO THE CHURCH

17. 2. EFFECTS a) CHURCH OPPOSITION TO USURY HELPED SECULARIZE EUROPE b) USE OF ARABIC NUMBERS INTRODUCED WITH NEW BOOKKEEPING PRACTICES (“0” FROM INDIA)

19. D. URBAN LIFE 1. INTRODUCTION a) POPULATION – FROM 30-42 MILLION b) TOWN SIZE – 1500 - 2500

22. 2. TRADE & TOWNS a) NARROW STREETS b) WASTE DUMPED INTO STREETS c) PEOPLE DID NOT BATH d) HOUSES – WOOD WITH THATCH ROOFS, CONSTANT FIRE HAZARD

23. 3. EFFECTS OF TOWN GROWTH ON FEUDALISM a) TOWNS ATTRACTED PEASANTS FROM THE MANOR b) SERFS LEFT MANORS TO LIVE IN TOWNS

24. E. MERCHANT CLASS & SOCIAL ORDER 1. TOWNS AND MEDIEVAL FEUDALISM a) TRADE PEOPLE DID NOT FIT IN MEDIEVAL STRUCTURE b) TOWNS WERE UNDER FEUDAL CONTROL

25. …SOCIAL ORDER 2. BURGHERS DEMANDS a) FREEDOM FROM TOLLS b) RIGHT TO GOVERN THEMSELVES

26. IV. REVIVAL OF LEARNING 11 th century Muslim Astrolabe (Star Navigation)

27. A. MUSLIM CONNECTION 1. REVIVAL EFFECTS (CRUSADES) a) SCHOLARS TRANSLATED GREEK WORKS INTO LATIN b) INCREASED TRADE FROM CRUSADES LED TO STUDY IN MUSLIM WORLD

28. ...REVIVAL c) EUROPEANS ACQUIRED NEW KNOWLEDGE d) NEW TECHNOLOGY FROM MUSLIMS – SHIPS, NAVIGATION, WEAPONS

29. …REVIVAL OF LEARNING B. UNIVERSITIES 1. GROUPS OF SCHOLARS WHO MET WHEREVER THEY COULD

30. ...UNIVERSITIES 2. SONS OF WELL TO DO TOWNS PEOPLE 3. STUDY FOR 5-7 YEARS FOR BACHELORS FOR JOB IN GOVERNMENT OR CHURCH

31. …REVIVAL OF LEARNING 4. VERNACULAR a) EVERYDAY LANGUAGE OF HOMELAND b) EFFECT – BROUGHT LITERATURE TO MANY PEOPLE 5. SHIFT IN LANGUAGE FROM LATIN TO VERNACULAR

32. C. AQUINAS & MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY 1. THOMAS AQUINAS a) RELIGIOUS SCHOLAR WHO WROTE “SUMMA THEOLOGICA” b) ARGUED THAT RELIGIOUS TRUTH COULD BE PROVEN BY LOGICAL REASONING (ARISTOTLE)

35. …AQUINAS 2. EFFECT a) SCHOLASTICS – SCHOOLMEN VERSED IN THE CLASSICS b) TEACHINGS INFLUENCED DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN LAW & GOV’T.

36. …AQUINAS c) ENGLAND & FRANCE BEGAN TO DEVELOP DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS & TRADITIONS

37. IV. ENGLAND ABSORBS INVADERS A. EARLY INVASIONS 1. ANGLES 2. SAXONS 3. VIKINGS

38. ...INVADERS 4. ALFRED THE GREAT DEFEATED VIKING INVASIONS 5. KING CANUTE UNIFIED ENGLISH PEOPLE INTO ANGLO-SAXONS

40. B. NORMAN CONQUEST 1. WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR a) NORMANDY – REGION OF NORTHERN FRANCE

42. ...WILLIAM b) DESCENDED FROM VIKINGS ADOPTED FRENCH CULTURE c) CLAIMED ENGLISH CROWN AND INVADED ENGLAND

43. 2. HAROLD GODWINSON a) ANGLO/SAXON WHO CLAIMED THE ENGLISH CROWN

45. 3. BATTLE OF HASTINGS a) HAROLD GODWINSON KILLED IN BATTLE b) WILLIAM CLAIMED ALL OF ENGLAND

46. 4. EFFECT a) WILLIAM UNIFIED ENGLAND b) LAID FOUNDATION FOR CENTRALIZED GOVERNMENT

50. V. ENGLAND’S EVOLVING GOVERNMENT A. INTRODUCTION 1. GOALS OF WILLIAMS DESCENDENTS a) HOLD & ADD FRENCH LANDS b) STRENGTHEN POWER OVER NOBLES & CHURCH

51. B. HISTORY MAKERS 1. ELEANOR OF AQUITAINE a) HUSBANDS (1) LOUIS VII – FRANCE (2) HENRY II - ENGLAND

53. b. SONS (1) RICHARD THE LIONHEARTED (2) JOHN

54. 2. EFFECTS OF MARRIAGE TO HENRY II a) ADDED TERRITORY IN FRANCE b) MADE HIM A VASSAL TO THE FRENCH KING

55. 3. JURIES & COMMON LAW a) STRENGTHENED ROYAL COURTS USING TRAVELING JUDGES TO TAX, PUNISH, HEAR CASES. b) INTRODUCED USE OF JURY c) ESTABLISHED COMMON LAW – BASED ON JUDICIAL OPINION (JUDGE’S DECISIONS)

56. C. MAGNA CARTA 1. JOHN’S RULE a) FAILED AS A MILITARY LEADER b) LOST FRENCH LANDS

57. 2. NOBLES REVOLT a. CAUSES (1) CRUEL TO SUBJECTS (2) TAXED NOBILITY HEAVILY (3) ALIENATED CHURCH (4) THREATENED TOWNS

58. b. MAGNA CARTA (1) RIGHTS GUARANTEED (a) NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION (b) RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY

59. c) EFFECTS (1) FOUNDATION FOR BASIC LEGAL RIGHTS IN ENGLAND AND UNITED STATES

61. D. MODEL PARLIAMENT 1. CAUSES a) NEEDED TO RAISE TAXES FOR FRENCH WARS

62. 2. PARLIAMENT – LEGISLATIVE GROUP a) TWO BURGESSES FROM EACH COUNTY b) TWO KNIGHTS FROM EACH COUNTY

63. ...PARLIAMENT 3. HOUSE OF COMMONS a) KNIGHTS & BURGESSES 4. HOUSE OF LORDS a) NOBLES & BISHOPS

64. ...PARLIAMENT 5. EFFECT a) WEAKENED GREATER LORDS b) PROVIDED CHECK ON ROYAL POWER

65. VI. CAPETIAN DYNASTY RULES FRANCE A. INTRODUCTION 1. FRANCE AFTER CHARLEMAGNE a) DIVIDED INTO 47 FEUDAL TERRITORIES b) CAROLINGIAN DYNASTY ENDED WITH LOUIS THE SLUGGARD

66. 2. HUGH CAPET a) SMALL KINGDOM THAT INCLUDED PARIS b) BEGAN CAPETIAN DYNASTY WHICH GAINED CONTROL OVER FRANCE

67. B. FRANCE BECOMES A SEPARATE KINGDOM 1. IMPORTANCE OF CAPETIAN LOCATION a) CONTROLLED MAJOR EUROPEAN TRADE ROUTES b) CONTROL OF FRANCE SPREAD FROM PARIS

68. C. PHILLIP II EXPANDS HIS POWER 1. PHILLIP’S GOALS a) WEAKEN THE POWERS OF THE ENGLISH KINGS IN FRANCE

69. 2. FAILURES & SUCCESSES a) LITTLE SUCCESS AGAINST HENRY II OR RICHARD THE LIONHEARTED b) GREATLY INCREASED TERRITORY AGAINST JOHN

70. ...SUCCESSES c) TRIPLED LAND HELD d) BECAME MORE POWERFUL THAN VASSALS

71. 3. CENTRALIZING GOVERNMENT a) ESTABLISHED COURTS CALLED BAILIFFS b) PRESIDED OVER COURTS AND COLLECTED TAXES

72. D. PHILLIP’S HEIRS 1. LOUIS IX a) KNOWN AS IDEAL KING

73. ...HEIRS b) FRENCH APPEALS COURTS (1) COULD OVERTURN LOCAL COURT DECISIONS (2) STRENGTHENED MONARCHY & WEAKENED FEUDALISM

74. 2. PHILLIP IV a) USED SUPPORT OF LORDS AND BISHOPS AGAINST POPE b) INCLUDED COMMONERS IN MEETINGS

75. c. ESTATES GENERAL (1) 1 ST ESTATE – CHURCH LEADERS (2) 2 ND ESTATE – GREATER LORDS (3) 3 RD ESTATE – COMMONERS (WEALTHY LANDHOLDERS & MERCHANTS)

76. VII. SPAIN A. FERDINAND AND ISABELLA 1. UNIFIED SPAIN THROUGH MARRIAGE AND WAR

78. ...FERDINAND & ISABELLA 2. EXPELLED THE MOORS FROM SPAIN 3. BEGAN EXPANSION OF SPANISH EMPIRE IN AMERICAS 4. EXPANSION CONTINUED UNDER PHILLIP II

80. GREAT BRITAIN GERMANY FRANCE SPAIN

81. FOUNDERS OF NATION STATES UNITED FRANCEHUGH CAPET UNITED MORMANDY & GREAT BRITAIN WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR STRENTHENED ENGLAND THROUGH LAW HENRY II UNITED SPAINFERDINAND & ISABELLA