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CS460/626 : Natural Language Processing/Speech, NLP and the Web (Lecture 31–Inside and Outside probabilities; PCFG training; start of phonetics and phonology) Pushpak Bhattacharyya CSE Dept., IIT Bombay 29 th March, 2011
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PCFG: inside and outside probabilities
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Inside probability β Sentence probability
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Calculation of β
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Outside probability α Sentence probability
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Calculation of α
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PCFG Training
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EM Algorithm for training
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Phonetics and Phonology
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Morphology to Phonology: an exercise The plural morpheme: -s: /s/ (cats) /z/ (dogs) /iz/ (bushes) Which sound should occur where?
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Phonetics and Phonology Phonetics: The study of speech sounds Articulatory Acoustic Auditory Phonology: the structure and patterning of sounds Phonetic Transcription: A writing system for representing speech sounds
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The need for phonetic transcription Eccentricity of English Spelling Put/Putt Car/Kite Rough/Puff Fish can be spelt ‘ghoeti’. How? A language for talking about other/newly discovered languages New languages without a writing system are discovered often
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Classification Manner of articulation Place of articulation Voicedness
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Stops /p/ - voiceless bilabial /b/ - voiced bilabial /t/ - voiceless alveolar /d/ - voiced alveolar /k/ - voiceless velar /g/ - voiced velar
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Fricatives /f/ /v/ /th/ /dh/ /s/ /sh/ /zh/ /h/
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Affricates /ch/ /jh/
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Nasals /m/ /n/ /ng/
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The plural sound Cats, racks … /s/ dogs, rags … /z/ Bushes, classes … /iz/ Hypotheses?
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A kudo to each of you! Kudos: pronounced with an /s/ sound at the end Misinterpreted as a plural One kudo, many kudos Pronunciation becomes kudo/z/!
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