2. Habermas' Interest Constitution Theory Knowledge-constitutiveinterest Basis of humaninterest Type of Type of interact ion interact ionUnderlyingparadigmMethodo-logicalApproach Technical (control) (control)Labor (instrumental action) Man -- Nature Nature Functional- ist EmpiricismPositivists Practical (under- (under- standing) standing) Communicati ve interaction Man -- Man Interpreta- tive Hermen- utics Emancipato ry (freedom) (freedom)Authority(power) Man -- Self Radical/CriticalCritique

3. POSITIVISTS Objective knowledge independent of the researcher Replicable in all other settings Has “value freedom” : Ethically/Politically neutral Science alone represents genuine human knowledge Knowledge constitutes universal laws that remain invariate in all regions of space and time

4. INTERPRETIVE COMPRISED OF: HERMENEUTICSNATURALISTICETHNOMETHODSEXISTENTIALISM

5. HERMENEUTICS INTERPRETIVE SCIENCE NATURALISTIC HISTORICAL HERMENEUTICS SOCIAL REALITY IS DISTINCITVE IN CHARACTER AND CONTAINS COMPONENTS MISSING FROM NATURAL PHENOMENA

6. NATURALISTIC PHENOMENOLOGICAL EXPLAIN HOW SOCIAL ORDER EMERGES FROM SOCIAL ACTION AND INTERACTION

7. ETHNOMETHODS EXPLAIN HOW PEOPLE EMPLOY VARIOUS COGNITIVE PROCESSES TO ORDER AND MAKE SENSE OF EVERYDAY ACTIVITIES AND MAKE SOME ACTIVITIES ACCOUNTABLE TO OTHERS

8. EXISTENTIALISM EXAMINES THE CENTRAL LIVED QUALITIES OF INDIVIDUAL HUMAN EXISTENCE COMMON SENSE INTERPRETATION OF EVERYDAY LIFE

9. CRITICAL CRITIQUE OR CRITICAL HERMENEUTICS FREEING EMANCIPATORY POTENTIAL REMOVE BARRIERS OF UNDERSTANDING RENDER PROCESSES TRANSPARENT SO PEOPLE CAN PURSUE DEVELOPMENT WITH CONSCIOUSNESS AND WILL

10. CRITICAL (con’t) REDUCE PEOPLE’S FRUSTRATIONS CRITICAL: PEOPLE’S POTENTIAL FOR SELF-REFLECTION OR SELF- DETERMINATION

11. Inquiry PredictUnderstandEmancipateDeconstruct positivisminterpretativenaturalisticconstructivistphenomenologicalhermeneuticcriticalneo-Marxistfeministpraxis-oriented educative educativeFreirean participatory participatory Action research Post-structuralpostmodernpost- paradigmatic- paradigmatic- diaspora diaspora

12. Problem Solving? Hypotheses? Our research not always “Problem Solving,” hypotheses testing, quantitative or empirical (as we have been trained) “Problem Setting” (Identification of the problem for policy action) may be good “Generalizations” to populations or to create theories may not be possible

13. Pragmatic Philosophy We need to address the significance (importance) of our research: “So What?” Test of our research: “Workability” “Messy Problems” (Practical Problems) need to be addressed

14. Research Administrators “New Breed” needed Encourage what “could/should” be questions ; not what “is” Rigorous research is not just positivistic Relevance may be more appropriate They need to consider new ways of knowing to develop the discipline