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AFRICA
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Nile Valley Civilization Earliest Civilization in Africa 7,000 years ago Fertile Soil Lots of wildlife
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The Pharaohs 3,000 BCE United villages along the Nile
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Polytheism The worship of many Gods Amon-Re The Chief God/ The Sun God Osiris God of the Underworld and the Nile Isis Osiris ’ s Wife
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The Pyramids Built as tombs for Pharaohs Filled with: Food Clothing Jewels Anything needed for the afterlife
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The Kingdom of Kush 900 BCE - 350 CE Major accomplishment: Manufacture of iron Tools Weapons Why important? Major trading center Ethiopia Egypt Persia
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Kingdom of Axum
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Modern Day Ethiopia Why important? Important center of trade Spices Gems Ivory First African Christian Kingdom
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Kingdom of Axum King Ezana 330 A.D. Conquers the Kush Burns towns Destroys temples
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Axum Obelisk Symbol of Axum
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The Gold-Salt Trade Timbuktu Country: Mali Importance: Center of trade Gold Salt Ideas Center of Muslim Scholars Timbuktu
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Navigating the Sahara Navigators used stars Rested during the day Navigated at night Relied on: Oasis Oasis in the Sahara near Taghit
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Gold – Salt Trade Salt more valuable than gold Western Africa Sahara Salt was plentiful Savannah Gold was plentiful This trade gave rise to the great empires of western Africa
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The Empire of Ghana Ghana – war chief Ancient Ghana Note: Ancient Ghana ’ s location in comparison with the present state of Ghana
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The Emperor Power rested on the control of the gold trade. Owned all the gold mined in the empire Source of wealth Allowed emperor to build strong armies
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Invasions Almoravids (1076 BCE) Former trading partners Invaded Ghana Broke up the empire into smaller states
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Empire of Mali Mandingos Farmers that had lived under Ghana ’ s rule Seized gold producing lands.
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Mansa Musa 1307-1337 Most influential ruler of Mali Extended borders Captured salt mines.
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Mansa Musa and Mali Mali Following Musa ’ s death Mali was revered for its safety and security. This lasting security revealed the power and strength Mansa Musa established during his reign.
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Mali Empire
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Influence of Islam - Mali Adopted by Mansa Musa Influence of Islam increased Laws became based on the Koran
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The Great Mosque Djenne, Mali
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The Great Mosque in Mali
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Musa ’ s Decline Weak rulers followed Mansa Musa Empire was weakened and shrank.
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Songhai Sunni Ali A lifetime of war Captured Timbuktu and many key trading centers Preserved safety of trade routes
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Songhai Askia Muhammad Encouraged teachers and writers to settle in Timbuktu Timbuktu became a great center for teaching and learning Tomb of Askia
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Songhai Morroco Invasion Why? Heard of the great riches of the Songhai Empire How? Better technology Cannons Guns
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The Forest Kingdom of Benin Delta of the Niger River Ewuare Captured 201 cities and towns Including Ibo country
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Benin City Center of industry Broad avenues Produced: Woven Goods Brass Wood Ivory Objects
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Cities of East Africa City-State A large town that has its own government and usually controls the surrounding country side. Examples: Kilwa; Malindi; Mombassa Kilwa Pillar of Vasco de Gama
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Arab – African Trade Swahili Mixture of: Bantu and Islamic Words
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Portuguese Invasion Early 1500 ’ s Portuguese attacked and occupied many city-states, thus ending their prosperity.
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Zimbabwe “ Great Stone House ” Importance: Gold Mines Made rulers wealthy, but most of the populace were herders or farmers. Power struggles ended the kingdom in the 1500 ’ s.
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Review Zimbabwe Timbuktu Askia Muhammad Portuguese City-State Kilwa Mombassa Songhai Swahili Benin City Mansa Musa Islam Christianity Islam Gold Salt Trade Mali Gahna Askia Muhammad King Ezana Amon-Re Forest Kingdom of Benin Axum Kush Sunni Ali Next to each civilization, phrase, or word, explain its importance or key characteristic in one phrase.
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