1. Today’s Agenda: 1  Go to the back and get the handout (two sheets). Staple if you want.  Pick a group (no more than 4 in a group)  Each group will be assigned ONE section to complete.  Notes/Powerpoint Coming Up: Think Tac Toe Assignment Due Tues. Feb. 23 Ecology Test Tues. Feb. 23!

2. 1. ECOLOGY 2  THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF INTERACTIONS AMONG ORGANISMS AND BETWEEN ORGANISMS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT.

3. The Levels of Organization 3  http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/flash/visu al_concepts/60324.htm http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/flash/visu al_concepts/60324.htm

4. 2. BIOSPHERE 4  THE COMBINED PORTIONS OF THE PLANET IN WHICH ALL OF LIFE EXISTS.

5. 3. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION 5  INDIVIDUAL (SPECIES)  POPULATION  COMMUNITY  ECOSYSTEM  BIOME  BIOSPHERE

6. 9. SPECIES 6  A GROUP OF ORGANISMS SO SIMILAR TO EACH OTHER THAT THEY CAN BREED AND PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRING

7. 10. POPULATION 7  A GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS THAT BELONG TO THE SAME SPECIES AND LIVE IN THE SAME AREA.

8. 11. COMMUNITY 8  AN ASSEMBLAGE OF DIFFERENT POPULATIONS THAT LIVE TOGETHER IN A DEFINED AREA.

9. 12. ECOSYSTEM 9  A COLLECTION OF ALL THE ORGANISMS THAT LIVE IN A PARTICULAR PLACE TOGETHER WITH ALL THEIR NON-LIVING ENVIRONMENT.  THE ECOSYSTEM IS THE LOWEST LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION THAT INCLUDES LIVING & NON- LIVING FACTORS

10. 13. BIOME 10  A GROUP OF ECOSYSTEMS THAT HAVE THE SAME CLIMATE AND SIMILAR DOMINAT COMMUNITIES.

11. THREE APPROACHES TO CONDUCT MODERN ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH 11  14. OBSERVATION  15. EXPERIMENTING  16. MODELING

12. 17. OBSERVATION 12  THE FIRST STEP IN ASKING ECOLOGICAL QUESTIONS

13. 18. EXPERIMENTING 13  USED TO TEST HYPOTHESIS

14. 19. MODELING 14  ECOLOGISTS MAKE MODELS TO GAIN INSIGHT INTO COMPLEX PHENOMENA  MAY CONSIST OF MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS BASED ON DATA COLLECTED THROUGH OBSERVATION AND EXPERIMENTATION  USED TO STUDY LONG PERIODS OF TIME OR LARGE AREAS

15. 20. SUNLIGHT 15  MAIN SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR LIFE ON EARTH

16. 21. AUTOTROPH 16  ORGANISMS THAT CAN CAPTURE ENERGY FROM SUNLIGHT OR CHEMICALS AND USE IT TO PRODUCE ITS OWN FOOD. 22. ALSO CALLED PRODUCERS

17. 17

18. 23. GREEN PLANT 18  PRODUCERS OR CONSUMERS??

19. 24. COWS 19  PRODUCERS OR CONSUMERS??

20. 25. Heterotrophs 20  Organisms that are also called consumers.

21. 26. HETEROTROPHS 21  ORGANISMS THAT RELY ON OTHER ORGANISMS FOR THEIR ENERGY AND FOOD SUPPLY  ALSO CALLED CONSUMERS

22. HUMANS 22  AUTOTROPHS OR HETEROTROPHS??

23. 28. TWO MAIN FORMS OF ENERGY THAT POWER LIVING SYSTEMS 23  PHOTOSYNTHESIS  CHEMOSYNTHESIS  BOTH PRODUCE CARBOHYDRATES & OXYGEN

24. 30. PHOTOSYNTHESIS 24  AUTOTROPHS THAT USE LIGHT ENERGY TO POWER CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT CONVERT CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER INTO SUGARS AND STARCHES.

25. 25

26. 31. & 32. CHEMOSYNTHESIS 26  PROCESS BY WHICH SOME ORGANISMS USE CHEMICAL ENERGY TO PRODUCE CARBOHYDRATES  OR  PROCESS BY WHICH AUTOTROPHS PRODUCE FOOD WITHOUT LIGHT.  ALSO RESPONSIBLE FOR ADDING OXYGEN TO AND REMOVING CARBON DIOXIDE FROM EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE.

27. 33. TWO PROCESSES IN WHICH AUTOTROPHS PRODUCE CARBOHYDRATES AND OXYGEN 27  PHOTOSYNTHESIS  CHEMOSYNTHESIS

28. 35. HERBIVORE 28  HETEROTROPHS THAT OBTAIN ENERGY BY EATING ONLY PLANTS  EXAMPLES: COWS, RABBITS, DEER, CATERPILLARS, ETC….

29. 29

30. 36.. CARNIVORES 30  HETEROTROPHS THAT EAT ANIMALS  EXAMPLES: SNAKES, DOGS, OWLS, ETC…

31. 31

32. 37. OMNIVORE 32  HETEROTROPHS THAT EAT BOTH PLANTS AND ANIMALS  EXAMPLES: HUMANS, BEARS, CROWS, ETC…..

33. 33

34. 38. DETRITIVORES 34  HETEROTROPHS THAT FEED ON PLANT AND ANIMAL REMAINS AND OTHER DEAD MATTER.  EXAMPLES: MITES, EARTHWORMS, SNAILS, CRABS, ETC….

35. 39. DECOMPOSERS 35  HETEROTROPHS THAT BREAK DOWN ORGANIC MATTER  EXAMPLES: BACTERIA & FUNGI

36. 40. DETRITUS 36  PLANT AND ANIMAL REMAINS AND OTHER DEAD MATTER

37. 37

38. 41. HUMANS ARE… 38  HERBIVORES?  OMNIVORES?  CARNIVORES?

39. 42. TWO EXAMPLES OF DECOMPOSERS 39  SOME BACTERIA  SOME FUNGI

40. 44. FLOW OF ENERGY THROUGH AN ECOSYSTEM 40  ENERGY FLOWS IN ONE DIRECTION  FROM THE SUN OR INORGANIC CHEMICALS  TO AUTOTROPHS (PRODUCERS)  AND THEN TO VARIOUS HETEROTROPHS (CONSUMERS).

41. 45. FOOD CHAIN 41  A SERIES OF STEPS IN WHICH ORGANISMS TRANSFER ENERGY BY EATING AND BEING EATEN

42. 46. FOOD WEB 42  A NETWORK OF COMPLEX INTERACTIONS FORMED BY THE FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE VARIOUS ORGANISMS IN AN ECOSYSTEM. 47. FOOD WEBS LINK FOOD CHAINS TOGETHER

43. 48. TROPHIC LEVEL 43  A STEP IN THE FOOD CHAIN OR A FOOD WEB  1 ST LEVEL- PRODUCERS  2 ND LEVEL-CONSUMERS  3 RD LEVEL- CONSUMERS 49. EACH CONSUMER DEPENDS ON THE TROPHIC LEVEL BELOW IT FOR ENERGY.

44. 44

45. 50. ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID 45  A DIAGRAM THAT SHOWS THE RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF ENERGY OR MATTER CONTAINED WITHIN EACH TROPHIC LEVEL IN A FOOD CHAIN OR A FOOD WEB.

46. THREE TYPES OF ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS 46  51. ENERGY PYRAMID  52. BIOMASS PYRAMID  53. PYRAMID OF NUMBERS

47. 54. ENERGY PYRAMID 47  ONLY ABOUT 10% OF THE ENERGY AVAILABLE WITHIN ONE TROPHIC LEVEL IS TRANSFERRED TO ORGANISMS AT THE NEXT TROPHIC LEVEL.

48. 55. BIOMASS 48  THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF LIVING TISSUE WITHIN A TROPHIC LEVEL  LARGEST BIOMASS IS ALWAYS AT THE BOTTTOM OF A PYRAMID OR THE BEGINNING OF A FOOD CHAIN

49. 56. PYRAMID OF NUMBERS 49  SHOW THE RELATIVE NUMBER OF INDIVIDUAL ORGANISMS AT EACH TROPHIC LEVEL.

50. Types of Ecological Pyramids 50  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wGfOoRrICto https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wGfOoRrICto

51. FOUR ELEMENTS THAT MAKE UP OVER 95% OF THE BODY 51  57. OXYGEN  58. CARBON  59. HYDROGEN  60. NITROGEN

52. WATER CYCLE 52  TWO WAYS IN WHICH WATER ENTERS THE ATMOSHPERE  61. EVAPORATION  62. TRANSPIRATION

53. 63. EVAPORATION 53  TO CHANGE FROM A LIQUID OR SOLID STATE INTO VAPOR(GASEOUS STATE)

54. 64. TRANSPIRATION 54  THE LOSS OF WATER FROM A PLANT THROUGH ITS LEAVES

55. WATER CYCLE CONTINUED 55  AFTER THIS WARM, MOIST AIR RISES AND THEN COOLS… RETURNS TO EARTH AS. CONDENSATION. PRECIPITATION

56. 65. CONDENSATION 56  REDUCING A GAS OR VAPOR TO A LIQUID OR SOLID FORM.

57. 66. PRECIPITATION 57  THE FALLING PRODUCTS OF CONDENSATION

58. 67. NUTRIENTS 58  ALL OF THE CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES THAT AN ORGANISM REQUIRES TO LIVE.

59. THREE NUTRIENT CYCLES 59  1. CARBON CYCLE  2. NITROGEN CYCLE  3. PHOSPHORUS CYCLE

60. CARBON CYCLE 60 68. CARBON IS THE KEY INGREDIENT IN ALL LIVING ORGANISMS.  FOUND IN OCEANS, AIR, AND IN CERTAIN TYPES OF ROCKS

61. LIST AND DESCRIBE THE FOUR KINDS OF PROCESSES IN CARBON CYCLE 61  1. GEOCHEMICAL  2. MIXED GEOCHEMICAL  3. HUMAN ACTIVITY  4. BIOLOGICAL

62. GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES 62  THE RELEASE OF CARBON DIOXIDE INTO ATMOSHPERE BY VOLCANOES

63. MIXED GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES 63  THE BURIAL OF CARBON-RICH REMAINS OF ORGANISMS AND THEIR CONVERSION TO FOSSIL FUELS

64. HUMAN ACTIVITY 64  MINING  BURNING FOSSIL FUELS  CUTTING OF FORESTS  BURNING OF FORESTS

65. BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES 65  69. PHOTOSYNTHESIS  70. RESPIRATION  71. DECOMPOSITION OF PLANTS & ANIMALS

66. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES 66  THE WAY IN WHICH MATTER MOVES THROUGH AN ECOSYSTEM  ENERGY IS A ONE-WAY FLOW  MATTER IS RECYCLED BUT ENERGY IS NOT.

67. CARBON CYCLE PROCESS SUMMARY! 67  PLANTS USE CARBON DIOXIDE DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS TO MAKE CARBOHYDRATES. THESE CARBOHYDRATES ARE PASSED ALONG FOOD WEBS TO ANIMALS & OTHER CONSUMERS. IN THE OCEAN, CARBON IS FOUND AS CALCIUM CARBONATE WHICH IS FORMED FROM MANY MARINE ORGANISMS. EVENTUALLY ALL OF THESE COMPOUNDS BREAK DOWN & CARBON RETURNS TO THE ATMOSPHERE

68. THREE LARGE RESERVOIRS WHERE CARBON IS FOUND IN THE BIOSHPERE 68  72. AIR (ATMOSPHERE)AS CARBON DIOXIDE GAS  73. WATER OCEAN AS DISSOLVED CARBON DIOXIDE  74. LAND UNDERGROUND AS COAL, PETROLEUM, OR CALCIUM CARBONATE ROCK

69. The Water Cycle and Carbon Cycle 69  Crash Course  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2D7hZpIYlCA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2D7hZpIYlCA

70. 75. NITROGEN 70  REQUIRED BY ALL LIVING ORGANISMS  USE TO MAKE AMINO ACIDS WHICH ARE IN TURN USED TO BUILD PROTEINS

71. 76. MAIN RESERVOIR OF NITROGEN FOUND IN THE BIOSPHERE 71  MOST NITROGEN IS FOUND IN THE ATMOSPHERE

72. 77. NITROGEN FIXATION 72  PROCESS BY WHICH BACTERIA CONVERT NITROGEN INTO AMMONIA.  http://studyjams.scholastic.com/stud yjams/jams/science/ecosystems/nitro gen-cycle.htm http://studyjams.scholastic.com/stud yjams/jams/science/ecosystems/nitro gen-cycle.htm

73. Significance of natural events on Ecosystems 73  Succession- gradual and sequential growth of a community of species in an area (volcano, landslide, fire)  Population Growth (Four processes)  Birth  Death (mortality)  Immigration-moving in  Emigration- moving out

74. Significance of human activity on Ecosystems 74  Technology- Cars destroying Ozone Layer  Loss of Genetic Diversity- small populations lead to inbreeding and causes problems with disease among community  Consumption of Resources- exceeding sustainable renewing by the environment

75. Intro to Ecology Review 75  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gu2EzAIsVQU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gu2EzAIsVQU