1. The Hydrosphere and Biosphere

2. Hydrosphere
Include areas above, on, and below Earth’s surface containing water.
Oceans
Rivers
Wetlands
Polar Icecaps
Soil
Rock layers beneath
surface
Clouds

3. THE WATER CYCLE
Continuous movement of water into air, onto land and back to water sources

4. EVAPORTAION Liquid is heated by sun and rises into atmosphere
Mostly from oceans
Also occurs in oceans, lakes, streams and soil

5. CONDENSATION Water vapor forms water droplets on dust particles
Water droplets for clouds
Droplets collide, stick together, and form larger, heavier droplets  RAIN

6. PRECIPITATION When those larger droplets fall from the clouds as rain
Snow
Sleet
Hail

8. Earth’s Oceans All oceans are connected and called the World Ocean
70% of Earths surface
Important role in regulating Earth’s environment

9. Pacific Ocean
Largest
Surface area: 165,640,000 km2 (645,996,000 miles2)
Depth: 4,280 m
Has deepest point: Challenger Deep
East coast of Phillipines at bottom of Mariana Trench
11,033 m deep (6.6 mi)
South and North pacific regions separated based on current flow north of south of equator

10. Atlantic Ocean Second largest Surface area: 81,630,000 km2
About half of Pacific Ocean
Can be divided into North and South based on ocean current flow

11. Indian and Arctic Oceans
Indian Ocean
Third largest
Arctic Ocean
Much of surface covered by floating ice, “Pack Ice”
Pack ice forms when wind or waves push toegether frozen sea water or “sea ice” into a large mass

12. Ocean Water
Salts:
Contain salts dissolved from rocks on land that have been carried to ocean by rivers and streams over millions of years
Underwater volcanic eruptions also add salts
Mostly sodium chloride

13. Salinity Concentration of all the dissolved salts in ocean
Average: 3.5% by weight
Lower in places with a lot of rain
Higher in places with high evaporation
Why?

14. Temperature Zones Sun warms surface Surface Zone
Sun does not reach bottom Deep Zone
Thermocline is between the surface and deep zone
Waves move warm surface water around into thermocline

15. Global Temperature Regulator
Ocean absorbs and stores half the energy from sun regulates Earth’s temperature
Ocean absorbs and releases energy slower than land  Atmospheric changes are slower
Without the world ocean, temperatures would be too extreme for life to exist

16. Local temperatures Local temperatures also regulated world ocean
Ocean currents that circulate warm water cause land areas they flow past to have more moderate climate

17. Surface Ocean Currents
Surface Current: streamlike movements of water at or near the surface if the oceans
Cause: wind from global wind patterns
Can be warm or cold, but do not easily mix

18. Surface Currents effect local climates
Scilly Isles, England just as north as Canada but grow palm trees
Other areas that northeast have long winters of frost and snow

19. Isles of Scilly

20. Deep Currents Flow very slowly along ocean floor
Cause: water temperature difference
Cold waters of the poles sink below warmer water and flows towards equator

21. Antarctic Bottom Water
Cold water from coast of Antarctica which sinks to bottom of ocean and flows slowly northward
Takes several hundred years to complete trip northward

22. Fresh Water Less than 3% of the Earth’s water
Most is locked in icecaps and glaciers
Rest is in lakes, rivers, wetlands, soil, atmosphere, and rock layers beneath the surface

23. River Systems Network of streams that drains into area of land
Includes all the land drained by river
Main river and tributaries
Tributaries: Smaller streams that flow into larger ones

24. Groundwater
Rain and melting snow sink into the ground and run off the land
Fills human need for drinking water
Supplies agricultural and industrial uses
Less than 1% of all water on Earth

25. Aquifers
Aquifer: a rock layer that stores and allows the flow of groundwater
Recharge Zone: the surface of land where water enters an aquifer

26. The Biosphere
Narrow layer around Earth’s surface in which life can exist (11km into ocean, 9km into atmosphere)
Life needs:
Liquid water
Temperature between 10 °C and 40°C
Source of energy
Material that organisms need to survive must be continually cycled  GRAVITY allows planet to maintain atmosphere and cycle materials

27. Earth’s Energy
Biosphere located near Earth’s surface because most of the sunlight is located near the surface
Plants use sunlight to produce food  almost every organism gets its food from plants or algae- Can you think of any that does not?
Algae floats on surface of ocean
Primary producer: uses sun
Algae
grass

28. Energy Flow Energy is constantly added (from Sun), matter is not.
Organism dies, decomposes and becomes nutrients for other organisms
Closed system: energy enters environment, but matter does not
Open system: both matter and energy are exchanged between a system and the surrounding environment; Matter added to Earth in the beginning