1. The Blood

2. Functions The transportation of dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic waste. The regulation of the pH and Ion composition of interstitial fluids. (Diffusion of these fluids releases them from tissues and allows for transport for removal or storage) The restriction of fluid losses at injury sites. (blood clotting) Defense against toxins and pathogens. (Antibodies) The stabilization of body temperature. (Redistributes heat from skeletal muscles to neighboring tissues)

3. Components of Blood 46-63% Plasma- Water is 92%, Plasma proteins 7%, other solutes 1% Plasma proteins (Albumins that regulate osmotic pressures and transport of hormones or lipids, Globulins contributor for immune system, Fibrinogen component for clotting system) Solutes (Electrolytes- ions for cellular activity and osmotic pressures, organic nutrients- used for ATP production as well as growth and maintenance) Organic Waste (carried to sites for breakdown or excretion)

4. 4 Questions Why is venipuncture a common technique for obtaining a blood sample? (think about the characteristics for obtaining answers) What would be the effects of a decrease in the amount of plasma proteins? Which plasma protein would you expect to be elevated during a viral infection?

5. 5 Answers Veins are easier to locate, veins have lower pressure so clotting to avoid loss of fluids would be easier, the walls of veins are thinner than arteries. Osmotic pressures would be off, lack of defense to pathogens, clotting process would slow down. Globulins

6. Components of Blood 37-54% Formed Elements- 99.9% Red Blood cells,.1% White blood cells and Platelets. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)- carry oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)- 5 classes of cells that defend the body from infections and foreign material Platelets- small membrane bound cell fragments that contain enzymes for blood clotting.

7. 7 Unique shape of the RBC Gives the cell a large surface area-to-volume ratio for transport. Form stacks that allow them to pass through blood vessels without causes logjams that would restrict blood flow Bend and flex when entering small blood vessels like capillaries.

8. 8 White Blood Cells Neutrophils- 1st WBC to arrive to infections that engulf bacteria marked by antibodies. Eosinophils- engulf toxic compounds from parasites and allergens which decrease the amount inflammation to adjacent tissue. Basophils- cross the capillary wall to tissue to attack pathogens with mast cells

9. 9 Other WBCs Monocytes- also pass through capillary walls, these cells engulf large pathogens and enhance the help of neutrophils and fibroblasts. Lymphocytes- account for 20-30 percent of the WBC population. They migrate back and forth from blood to tissue and back again. T cells- cell mediated immunity that coordinate the response against foreign material. B cells- Humoral immunity which means they can differentiate into antibodies that can work on disease anywhere on their own NK (natural killer cells)- detect and destroy abnormal tissue cells. They are important in preventing cancer 9

10. Blood typing

11. Blood Typing terms Surface Antigens- recognized substances of the blood that are left alone. Blood type- classification of a person’s blood based upon the composition of the specific surface antigen on the RBC membrane. Agglutinogens- surface antigens that are ignored by the immune system “left alone”

12. Blood Typing terms Cont. Agglutinate- when the antigens of the red blood cell membrane are not recognizable the antibodies of the blood clump these cells together for removal. Agglutination- The process of clumping non-recognizable blood types.

14. Rh Factors to Blood