1. Spain’s Catholic Crusade Philip II (1556-98): Like his father, Charles V, fanatically sought to re- impose Catholicism in Europe

2. Spanish Hapsburg Empire

3. Pillars of Spanish Power New World Riches Increased Population (accompanied by inflation) Efficient Bureaucracy and Military Supremacy in the Mediterranean

4. Under Philip, Spain became the dominant country in Europe: “Golden Age” of Spain Under Philip, Spain became the dominant country in Europe: “Golden Age” of Spain Escorial: new royal palace (and monastery and mausoleum) Escorial: new royal palace (and monastery and mausoleum) Symbolized the power of Philip as well as his commitment to his Catholic crusade Symbolized the power of Philip as well as his commitment to his Catholic crusade

5. Spain waged a war against the Turks in the Mediterranean to secure the region for Christian merchants. Spain waged a war against the Turks in the Mediterranean to secure the region for Christian merchants. Battle of Lepanto (1571): Spain defeated the Turkish navy off the coast of Greece Battle of Lepanto (1571): Spain defeated the Turkish navy off the coast of Greece Ended the Ottoman threat in the Mediterranean Ended the Ottoman threat in the Mediterranean

6. The Dutch Revolt in the Netherlands William I (William of Orange) (1533- 1584), led 17 provinces against the Spanish Inquisition Philip sought to crush the rise of Calvinism in the Netherlands Philip sought to crush the rise of Calvinism in the Netherlands

7. United Provinces of the Netherlands formed in 1581 (Dutch Republic) formed in 1581 (Dutch Republic) –Received aid from England under Elizabeth I –Major blow to Philip’s goal of maintaining Catholicism throughout his empire. –Spanish Netherlands (modern-day Belgium): the 10 southern provinces remained under Spain’s control –The Dutch closing of the Scheldt River resulted in the demise of Antwerp as Europe’s commercial center and the rise of Amsterdam

8. Cardinal Greenville – leader of the council in the Netherlands who wanted to check Protestant gains by church reforms Cardinal Greenville – leader of the council in the Netherlands who wanted to check Protestant gains by church reforms William of Orange – placing political autonomy above religious creeds (eventually an avowed Calvinist) led revolt against Greenville and had him removed from office William of Orange – placing political autonomy above religious creeds (eventually an avowed Calvinist) led revolt against Greenville and had him removed from office The Compromise, a solemn pledge by Philip II of Spain to Louis of Nassau (Orange’s brother) to reject the decrees of Trent and the Inquisition The Compromise, a solemn pledge by Philip II of Spain to Louis of Nassau (Orange’s brother) to reject the decrees of Trent and the Inquisition Revolt by the Protestants, after they were called “beggars” by Regent Margaret, is violently put down by Philip II’s Duke of Alba, who executes thousands of suspected heretics Revolt by the Protestants, after they were called “beggars” by Regent Margaret, is violently put down by Philip II’s Duke of Alba, who executes thousands of suspected heretics Revolt in the Netherlands

10. Independence for the Netherlands William the Orange comes out of exile in Germany and leads the independence movement of the Netherlands against Spain William the Orange comes out of exile in Germany and leads the independence movement of the Netherlands against Spain  Orange takes over Calvinist-inclined Northern territories  Alba replaced by Don Luis de Requesens Spanish Fury – Spanish mercenaries leave 7,000 people dead on November 4, 1576 – the massacre unites Protestant and Catholic Netherlands versus Spain under the Pacification of Ghent Spanish Fury – Spanish mercenaries leave 7,000 people dead on November 4, 1576 – the massacre unites Protestant and Catholic Netherlands versus Spain under the Pacification of Ghent Spain signs humiliating Perpetual Edict calling for the removal of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands Spain signs humiliating Perpetual Edict calling for the removal of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands Southern provinces afraid of Protestant domination make peace with Spain in the Union of Arras and make one last effort to control the country Southern provinces afraid of Protestant domination make peace with Spain in the Union of Arras and make one last effort to control the country William of Orange is assassinated and replaced by his son Maurice who with the help of England and France finally defeat Spain William of Orange is assassinated and replaced by his son Maurice who with the help of England and France finally defeat Spain Spain first signs truce in 1609 and recognizes full independence of the Netherlands in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia Spain first signs truce in 1609 and recognizes full independence of the Netherlands in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia

11. Spain vs. England Queen Mary Tudor (Philip’s wife) had tried to re-impose Catholicism in England Queen Mary Tudor (Philip’s wife) had tried to re-impose Catholicism in England  When she died, Queen Elizabeth I reversed Mary’s course via the “Elizabethan Settlement”  Elizabeth later refused Philip’s request for marriage.

12. Elizabeth helped the Protestant Netherlands gain independence from Spain Elizabeth helped the Protestant Netherlands gain independence from Spain Philip sought revenge for England’s support for the Dutch as well as hoping to make England Catholic again. Philip sought revenge for England’s support for the Dutch as well as hoping to make England Catholic again. He thus planned a monumental invasion of England in 1588 He thus planned a monumental invasion of England in 1588

13. Spanish Armada, 1588 Spain’s attempt to invade England ended in disaster Spain’s attempt to invade England ended in disaster Much of Spain’s navy lay in ruins due to a raging storm in the English Channel as well as the effectiveness of England’s smaller but better-armed navy. Much of Spain’s navy lay in ruins due to a raging storm in the English Channel as well as the effectiveness of England’s smaller but better-armed navy. Signaled the rise of England as a world naval power Signaled the rise of England as a world naval power Although this event is often viewed erroneously as the decline of Spain’s “Golden Age”, Spain still remained powerful until the mid-17th century Although this event is often viewed erroneously as the decline of Spain’s “Golden Age”, Spain still remained powerful until the mid-17th century